Chapter 3

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism. Life requires a continual supply of energy.
Catabolic + anabolic

Question 2

kinetic energy

Answer 2

the energy of motion

Question 3

potential energy

Answer 3

the stored energy that an object possesses relative from some 0 position

Question 4

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

principle that states that energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Question 5

bond energy

Answer 5

the minimum amount of energy that is required to break a particular type of bond; measured in kJ/mol

Question 6

activation energy (Ea)

Answer 6

the minimum amount of energy that chemical reactants must absorb to start a reaction

Question 7

transition state

Answer 7

a temporary condition during a chemical reaction in which the bonds in the reactants are breaking and the bonds in the products are forming

Question 8

exothermic reaction

Answer 8

a chemical reaction in which potential energy is released, leaving the products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants

Question 9

endothermic reaction

Answer 9

a chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed, giving the products more chemical potential energy than the reactants

Question 10

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

The randomness (entropy) of a system is always increasing

Question 11

entropy

Answer 11

a measurement of disorder in a system

Question 12

spontaneous change

Answer 12

a change that will, once begun, continue on its own under a given set of conditions; does not require a continuous supply of energy

Question 13

Free energy

Answer 13

energy that can do useful work; also called Gibbs free energy

Question 14

exergonic reaction

Answer 14

a chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products have less free energy than the reactants “spontaneous” “catabolic” (-G value)

Question 15

endergonic reaction

Answer 15

a chemical reaction that absorbs free energy; the products have more free energy than the reactants “non spontaneous” “anabolic” (+G)

Question 16

energy coupling

Answer 16

the transfer of energy from one reaction to another in order to drive the second reaction

Question 17

catabolic pathway

Answer 17

a pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

Question 18

anabolic pathway

Answer 18

a pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules

Question 19

ATP

Answer 19

Adenosine triphosphate consists of adenine, 3 phosphate groups and a 5 carbon sugar called ribose

Universal energy currency in living organisms

Regenerated from ADP and H+ during the ATP cycle

Question 20

Phosphorylation

Answer 20

Transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP to another molecule

Question 21

ATP hydrolysis

Answer 21

an be coupled to endergonic reactions using energy coupling, it releases a lot of free energy and results in the formation of ADP and H+ (Pi)

30.5 KJ/ is are coupled

Bonds are broken down by a catalyzed reaction with H2O

Question 22

ATP cycle

Answer 22

The cyclic and ongoing breakdown and re- synthesis of ATP

Question 23

Maud Menten

Answer 23

Michaelis- menten euqation states that the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is proportional to the enzyme substrate complexity

Question 24

How does a reaction happen

Answer 24

First, all the bonds in the reactants have to break and do to do this they have to be under the correct conditions to overcome the activation energy barrier

Question 25

How do enzymes speed up reactions

Answer 25

They lower the activation energy

Question 26

G

Answer 26

free energy

Question 27

Why can organisms grow and create internal order without violating the second law of thermo dynamics

Answer 27

Organisms can grow and create internal order because living cells can expend order to organize disorganized cells just like humans can expend energy to organize a messy room

Question 28

How does the structure of an ATP molecule relate to the large amount of free energy is possesses

Answer 28

The negatively changes PO4 groups are held together by weak bonds leading to a high level of energy

Question 29

dehydrogenase

Answer 29

enzyme, oxidizes a substrate and transfers hydrogen atoms to an acceptor

Question 30

NADH

Answer 30

Reduced form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 31

What makes a good fuel

Answer 31

C-H bonds because they lead to high potential energy

Question 32

Energy change in a redox reaction

Answer 32

The electrons are pulled towards the highly electronegative ion

Question 33

Why is controlled oxidation better than rapid consumption

Answer 33

It looses less energy and is safer

Question 34

When does entropy increase

Answer 34

Solids react to form liquids or gasses

liquids react to form gasses

The total number of product molecules is greater than the total number of reactant molecules

Question 35

Work

Answer 35

Work is preformed when energy is used

Question 36

Why do glucose and gasoline make good fuels

Answer 36

C-H bonds. They realize a lot of energy as they are pulled closer to atoms with larger nuclei

Question 37

What type of reaction is cellular respiration

Answer 37

Combustion of glucose

Question 38

Oxidizing agent on the combustion of glucose

Answer 38

O2

Question 39

Reducing agent in the combustion of glucose

Answer 39

Glucose

Question 40

What can the waste energy released during cellular redox reactions be used for

Answer 40

Cellular processes

Question 41

Slow oxidation events

Answer 41

Rotting of fruits and formation of paranoia on copper roofs

Question 42

Rapid oxidizing events

Answer 42

Road flare and bring of gasoline