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Spinal Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Head, neck and trunk

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2
Q

The apendicular skeleton consists of

A

Limbs that are attached to the body’s axis

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3
Q

Spinal column consists of: _____, ________, _____

A

Spine, sacrum, coccyx

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4
Q

A child has 33 individual segments

  • ______ in the spine
  • _____ in the sacrum
  • _____ in the coccyx
A

24
5
4

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5
Q

The adult has 26 segments

  • _______ in the spine
  • ______ in the sacrum
  • ______ in the coccyx
A

24
1
1

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6
Q

___________ are considered freely moveable in the adult and consists of 24 segments of the spine

A

True segments

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7
Q

________ those segments that are NOT freely moveable

A

False segments

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8
Q

What are examples of false segments

A

Sacrum and coccyx

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9
Q

What are the 6 ranges of movement of the spine?

A

Flexion/extension
Right and left rotation
Right and left lateral flexion

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10
Q

What are the 3 distinct regions of the spine?

A

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar

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11
Q

What is the most variable region as to the number if segments in it?

A

Lumbar

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12
Q

Typical spine vertebrae are divided into 2 basic parts

A

Anterior and posterior

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13
Q

The vertebral arch has an anterior and posterior part. What is the anterior arch comprised of?

A

The vertebral body

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14
Q

What is the posterior arch of the vertebral arch comprised of?

A

Pedicles, lamina, processes

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15
Q

What forms the vertebral foramen?

A

Pedicles, vertebral body and the lamina

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16
Q

What forms the neural/vertebral canal?

A

Several vertebral (spinal) foramen

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17
Q

________ is the hole that the spinal cord goes through

A

Vertebral foramen

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18
Q

______ is the largest part of the vertebrae who’s typical shape is cylindrical or square

A

Vertebral body

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19
Q

The transverse diameter of the vertebral bodies increases from _______ to_______

A

C-2 to L-3

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20
Q

The _________ of the vertebral body is slightly concave as to help form the ___________

A

Posterior margin

Vertebral foramen

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21
Q

The epiphyseal plate fuses to the vertebral body between the ages of ________ and _______

A

16 and 20

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22
Q

_________ a ring of hard compact bone that surrounds the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body

A

Epiphyseal plate

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23
Q

on top of epiphyseal plate is 3 mm thick Hyaline cartilage AKA __________

A

End plate

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24
Q

The _________ is really part of the intervertebral disc

A

End plate

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25
Q

Describe the pedicles

A

Anterior part of the vertebral arch
2 short thick round attachments of bone that fuse to the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies between the ages of 3 and 6

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26
Q

The ________ are lateral to the neural foramen

A

Pedicles

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27
Q

The ____________ is through which the spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord

A

Intervertebral foramen (IVF)

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28
Q

The superior pedicles notch of the vertebra ________ becomes the ________ of the Intervertebral Foramen

A

Below; floor

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29
Q

The inferior pedicle notch of the vertebra _______ forms the ______ of the intervertebral foramen

A

Above; roof

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30
Q

What is pedicogenic stenosis?

A

Congenital shortening of on or both of the pedicles

Common in males and in the lumbar spine

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31
Q

___________ are angled posteriorly and medial. The close off the back of the spinal canal

A

Laminae

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32
Q

_________ is posterior and lateral to the neural foramen

A

Laminae

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33
Q

When do the laminae fuse together?

A

Laminae fuse together in the back during the first year of life

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34
Q

What is the result when the lamina do not fuse?

A

Spina bifida

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35
Q

There are three different forms of spina bifida. How does one describe meningocele?

A

A protrusion of the meninges through the gap where the laminae failed to fuse

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36
Q

What is the most severe form of spina bifida, where the meninges and the spinal cord protrude where the laminae failed to close properly?

A

Meningomyelocele

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37
Q

Explain spina bifida occulta

A

The mildest form of spina bifida

Results in a small separation or gap in one or more of the bones of the spine.
Can go unrecognized until X-ray

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38
Q

What is the least reliable area of palpation when trying to ascertain subluxation?

A

Spinous process

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39
Q

Why’s the spinous process the least reliable area of palpation ?

A

Because it may deviate or bed either left or right of the midline due to trauma during the cartilaginous stage of development

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40
Q

The tip of the spinous process fuses with the rest of the spinous process around the age of ______

A

16

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41
Q

_________ project laterally from the lamina pedicle junction and serve as attachments for muscles and ligaments

A

Transverse process

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42
Q

Muscles that attach to the __________ are mainly for maintaining posture and to induce rotation and lateral bending (lateral flexion)

A

Transverse process

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43
Q

_____________ is the true transverse process part (________ part)

A

Diapophysis; posterior

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44
Q

__________ is a costal element part of the TVP (_______ part)

A

Pleurapophysis; anterior

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45
Q

The tips of the transverse processes fuse to the rest of the TVP about age _____

A

16

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46
Q

There are _______ articular processes AKA the zygapophysis

A

4

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47
Q

There are 2 ___________ (prezygapophysis)

There are 2_____________ (postzygaphophysis)

A

2 superior articular processes

2 inferior articular processes

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48
Q

The the cervical facet of the articular processes are oriented in the __________ plane

A

Coronal

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49
Q

The thoracic facet of the articular processes are oriented in a _______ plane

A

Coronal

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50
Q

The lumbar facet of the articular process is ortiented in a _______ plane

A

Sagittal

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51
Q

What is an articular joint?

A

2 adjacent articular processes come together to form a joint called the articular joint

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52
Q

Where is the facet located on the articular process?

A

On the articular portion of the AP is a smooth surface called the facet

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53
Q

What is the articular joint surrounded by?

A

The articular capsule

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54
Q

What are the 3 parts of an articular capsule?

A

Inner, central layer, outer

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55
Q

Explain the inner part of the articular capsules

A

Called the synovial membrane that is filled with synovial fluid

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56
Q

explain the central layer of the articular capsule

A

Vascular and composed of loose connective tissue

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57
Q

Explain the outerpart of the articular capsule

A

Made up of connective tissue which connects to the articular processes

Rich in sensory nerve supply

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58
Q

(Facet joint capsule)
The articular joint is covered on the _______ _______ side by the ligamentum flavum

The articular joint is covered on the ______ _____ side by the articular capsule

A

Anterior medial

Posterior lateral

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59
Q

Why is the Z joint of added interest to chiropractors?

A

Because loss of motion or any abberant motion may be the primary cause of pain in this multilevel innervation

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60
Q

The superior articular process is considered the ______________ of the IVF

A

The posterior boundary or the posterior wall

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61
Q

The superior articular process projects _________ and ______

The inferior articular process projects
______ and _________

A

Superior and posterior

Inferior and anterior

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62
Q

How many active ranges of motion does the spine have?

A

6

Motion reveal ens around the 3 axes (X,Y.Z)

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63
Q

What are the 6 ranges of motion the spine has?

A

Flexion and extension (around the X- axis)
Left and right rotation (around the y axis)
Left and right lateral flexion (around the z axis

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64
Q

What us subluxation: spinal manipulation?

A

Joint manipulation comprises a high velocity, low amplitude, end range thrust maneuver

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65
Q

Explain mobilization

A

Involves manual techniques without thrust or sudden movement

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66
Q

Articular processes of the cervical region:

The superior articular process faces ______ and ________ and is angled at _______ degrees to the _________ plane

A

Posterior and superior

Angled at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane

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67
Q

The inferior articular process of the cervical region faces _____ and ________ and is angled at ______ degrees

A

Inferior and anterior at 45 degrees

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68
Q

Where does the overal greatest range of motion in the spine take place?

A

Mid cervical spine (C4,C5,C6)

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69
Q

Overall greatest amount of flexion and extension of a facet joint in the cervical region take place at ________

A

C5-C6

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70
Q

The articular processes of the thoracic region:
The superior articular facets face ______ and ______ and are angled at _______ degrees and rotated ______ degrees laterally

A

Superior and posterior

60 degrees

Rotated 20 degrees medially

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71
Q

Articular processes of the thoracic region:
The inferior articular facets face _______ and _______ and are at a ______ degree angle and rotated _______ degrees ______

A

Inferior and posterior and are at a 60 degree angle

Rotated 20 degrees medially

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72
Q

The articular processes of the thoracic region allow for what ranges of motion?

A

Allows for rotation and some flexion very very little extension

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73
Q

The articular processes of the Lumbar spine are considered shaped like a what letters?

A

C or J

74
Q

Articular processes in the lumbar spine:

The superior articular facets faces _____ mainly and are ________ and rotated at _______ degrees ______

A

Posterior
Concaved
45 degrees medially

75
Q

Articular Processes in the Lumbar Spine:

The inferior articular facets face ______ mainly and are ________ and face ______ degrees ______

A

Anterior
Convexed
Face 45 degrees laterally

76
Q

The articular processes in the lumbar spine allow for what ranges of motion?

A

Flexion and extension but very little bending and very little to No rotation

77
Q

The greatest amount of overall range of motion in the lumbar spine take place at ______

A

L-5/ S-1

78
Q

The most lateral flexion in the lumbar spine occurs at

A

T-12/L-1

79
Q

The facet joints are made up of what?

A

Superior and inferior articular processes

80
Q

Superior articulate facet faces _______

Inferior articulate facet faces ______

A

Posteriorly

Anteriorly

81
Q

What is the tripod theory of weight bearing?

A

States that the axial compression on any vertebra is bore by the vertebral BODY and the TWO Superior Articular processes

82
Q

_______ support most of the weight placed on the vertebra

A

Vertebral bodies

83
Q

Articular processes average _____ percent of the total compressive load (weight)

A

18%

84
Q

What are the typical spinal vertebra parts?

A

1 body; 2 pedicles; 2 laminae; 1 spinous process; 2 transverse processes; 4 articular processes

85
Q

If any of the typical spinal vertebra parts are missing, the vertebra is considered _______ to the spine

A

Peculiar

86
Q

________ is the site of attachment that is relatively fixed

A

Origin

87
Q

________ is the site of attachment that is normally displaced by contraction of the muscle

A

Insertion

88
Q

What are the superficial back muscles?

A

Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi

89
Q

What are the middle back muscles?

A 
splenius muscles 
Spinal extensors (spinalis, longissimus, Iliocostalis)
90
Q

What are the deep muscles in the back that interconnect and stabilize the vertebrae?

A

transversospinalis group; semispinalis; multifidus, rotatores; interspinalis; intertransversari

91
Q

What are extrinsic muscles associated with?

A

The upper extremity and shoulder movement

92
Q

What are intrinsic muscles associated with?

A

Deal with movement of the vertebral column

93
Q

__________ _______ _____ connect upper extremities to the trunk and form the V-shaped musculature associated with the middle and upper trunk

A

Superficial extrinsic muscles

94
Q

What are the 5 superficial extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Trapezius; Lat dorsi; levator scapulae; Rhomboids (major and minor)

95
Q

_________ _______ _______ include 2 muscles that are associated with respiration

A

Intermediate extrinsic muscles

96
Q

What are the two intermediate extrinsic muscles?

A

Serratus posterior superior and inferior

97
Q

What are the 3 muscles in the second layer of extrinsic muscles?

A

Rhomboid major and minor and levator scapulae

98
Q

The rhomboid major, minor and levator scapulae inserts into the __________ ______ ______

A

Scapula’s medial border

99
Q

What are the elevators of the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae
Trapezius (upper)
Rhomboideus minor and major

100
Q

What are the retractors of the scapula?

A

Rhomboid minor and major and trapezius (middle)

101
Q

What are the upward rotators of the scapula?

A

Trapezius (upper and lower)

102
Q

What are the downward rotators of the scapula?

A

Rhomboid major and minor

Levator scapulae

103
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Serratus posterior superior and inferior

104
Q

Intrinsic muscles will stretch all the way from the _______ to the ________

A

Pelvis to the cranium

105
Q

__________ _______ help maintain posture and move the vertebral column

A

Intrinsic muscles

106
Q

What are the 3 groups of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Superficial layer
Intermediate layer
Deep layer

107
Q

All layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by _______

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves

108
Q

What muscles are part of the superficial layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

109
Q

Where are the superficial; layer of intrinsic back muscles located?

A

On lateral and posterior portions of the neck, laterally flex, rotate and extend the head and neck

110
Q

What muscles are potent sources of head aches?

A

Splenius capitis and cervicis

111
Q

Semispinalis capitis is deep to splenius capitis and is often the cause of neck pain and headaches if pain is just ______ to the __________

A

Lateral to the spinous process

112
Q

________ _______ massive extensor consisting of 3 groups that are found from the4 sacrum to the skull

A

Erector spinae

113
Q

_______ ______ work to extend the spine or if only one side contracts to bring about lateral flexion

A

Erector spinae

114
Q

___________ _______ lay on either side of the vertebral column

A

Erector spinae

115
Q

What is the job of the erector spinae group?

A

To extend the vertebral column and maintain the normal curvature (posture) of the spine

116
Q

All of the erector spinae originate from where?

A

The posterior sacrum
Sacroiliac ligaments
Sacral and lumbar spinous processes
Iliac crest

117
Q

The ______ ______ group are the strongest muscles in the back and take on most of the work

A

Erector spinae

118
Q

What are the three columns of the erector spinae group?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

119
Q

What is the primary cause of lower back pain?

A

Quadratus lumborum

120
Q

What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Lifts ilium up and its important for balance.

AKA kip hiker muscle

121
Q

Where does the quadratus lumborum refer pain to?

A

Refers pain into the sacroiliac joint

122
Q

Quadratus lumborum causes ________ ________ of the trunk and depresses rib 12

A

Lateral flexion

123
Q

What is the largest muscle that crosses the lumbosacral joint?

A

Quadratus lumborum

124
Q

What is the function of deep layer intrinsic back?

A

Help to support posture and assist intermediate muscles in moving the spine

125
Q

Deep layer intrinsic back muscles includes 3 muscles known as the ________ group

A

Transversospinal group

126
Q

What are the 3 groups of the transversospinal group of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Semispinalis group
Multifidus
Rotatores

127
Q

_________ are short triangular muscles that are most prominent in lumbar. Always angle superiorly and medially for 2-4 segments

A

Multifidus

128
Q

What is part of the deep muscles of the spine/neck more lateral than spinalis?

A

Semispinalis

129
Q

What is the thickest and strongest in thelumbar region?

A

Multifidus

130
Q

What are the intervertebral muscles of the back?

A

Interspinalis
Intertransveralis
Rotatores

131
Q

What si the action of the intervertebral muscles?

A

Slight extension or rotation

132
Q

What are the 4 suboccipital muscles?

A

Obliquus capitis inferior
obliquus capitis superior
rectus capitis posterior major
rectus capitis posterior minor

133
Q

What does the suboccipital triangle contain?

A

The first cervical nerve
The vertebral artery
A complex of veins

134
Q

What forms the medial, lateral and inferiro border of the suboccipital triangle?

A

Inferior border: obliquus capitis inferior

Lateral border: obliquus capitis superior

Medial border: rectus capitis posterior major

135
Q

What suboccipital muscles does NOT take part in the formation of the triangle?

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor

136
Q

What muscles cause cervicogenic suboccipital head aches

A

Suboccipital triangle (obliquus capitis inferior and superior, rectus capitis posterior major and minor)

137
Q

Where are the scalene muscles located? And their function?

A

On the lateral aspect of the cervical spine and

serve as frontal plane stabilizers along with the longissimus muscles posteriorly when they act as a group

138
Q

Where do the anterior scalene muscles run from?

A

The first rib to the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C-3 to C-6

139
Q

The anterior scalene muscles work with the _______ _________ to provide stability

A

Levator scapulae

140
Q

The ______ and _______ scalene form a triangle through which the brachial plexus and subclavian artery and vein pass

A

Anterior and middle scalene

141
Q

the site for compression on the neuromuscular structures by the _______ ______ muscle

A

Anterior scalene

142
Q

Where does the middle scalene run from?

A

The first rib to the anterior tubercles of the TVP of C-3 to C-7

143
Q

What muscles are laterally placed and theirline of pull makes them excellent frontal plane stabilizers?

A

Middle scalene

144
Q

Where do the posterior scalene muscles run from?

A

The second rib to the posterior tubercles of the TVP of C-3 to C-7

145
Q

What is the function of the posterior scalene muscles?

A

Predominately laterally flex the neck

146
Q

Below the age of 40, the cortex supports ____ percent of the axial compressive load placed on it

A

45%

147
Q

After the age of 40, the cortex supports _____ percent of the axial compressive load placed on it

A

65%

148
Q

In ______ bone the inner layer of the bone is soft and spongy

A

Cancellous bone

149
Q

________ bone is dense, outershell of the vertebra

_______ bone is inner, spongy bone

A

Cortical

Cancellous

150
Q

Prior to the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports ________ percent of the compressive load

A

55%

151
Q

After the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports ______ percent of the compressive load

A

35%

152
Q

Bone density usually increased greatly during puberty and diminishes 35-30% between the ages of ______ and ______ years of age

A

20 and 80

153
Q

The cortex before age 40: ________ %

After age 40:_______ %

A

45%

65%

154
Q

Cancellous bone:

Before age 40: ________%

After age 40: ________%

A

55%

35%

155
Q

What are the functions of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Extend vertebral column

Laterally flex spine

156
Q

What group of muscles function to rotate the spine to the opposite side?

A

Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

157
Q

What are the functions of the multifidus?

A

Extension

Lateral flexion, rotation of spine to the opposite side

158
Q

What is the nerve supply of the multifidus

A

Posterior ramus of all spinal nerves

159
Q

What is the nerves supply and action of the longus capitis?

A

Flexes neck at atlantooccipital joint

Nerve supply: C2-C-6

160
Q

What is the function of the rotatores?

A

Rotate vertebral column to opposite side.

Help with proprioception

161
Q

What is the nerve supply of the rotatores?

A

Posterior ramus of the spinal nerves in that area

162
Q

What is between the TVPs of all the spinal vertebrae?

A

Intertransversari

163
Q

What two muscles function to extend, lateral flexion and rotate the the head toward the same side?

A

Rectum capitis posterior major and minor

164
Q

What is the nerve supply of the rectus capitis posterior major and minor?

A

Posterior ramus of the first cervical nerve

165
Q

________ _______ _______ rotates atlas and skull around the odontoid process of C2. And turns head to same side.

A

Obliquus capitis inferior

166
Q

What action does the obliquus capitis superior do?

A

Turns head to same side

167
Q

What is the function of the scalene?

A

Flex neck and elevate rib cage

Laterally flexes neck

168
Q

What does the middle scalene function as?

A

Frontal plane stabilizers

169
Q

______ ____ elevates first rib, flexes and rotates cervical vert to same side

A

Scalenus medius

170
Q

_______ ____________ elevates the first rib in inspiration and bottom part contacts and anteriorly flexes, rotates C-spine to the same side

A

Scalenus Anticus

171
Q

What elevates the 2nd rib in inspiration, laterally flexes and rotates cervical spine to the same side?

A

Scalenus posterior

172
Q

What is the function of interspinalis?

A

Extension of spinal column

173
Q

What is nerve supply for the splenius muscles (cervicis and capitis)

A

C- 4,5,6 (7,8)

174
Q

What muscle aids in respiration by raising ribs during inspiration?

A

Serratus posterior superior

175
Q

What muscle aids in respiration by pulling down or depressing the ribs during expiration?

A

Serratus posterior inferior

176
Q

What nerves supply the levator scapulae?

A

C3 and C4 and dorsal scapular nerve

177
Q

What muscle helps extend the cervical spine and allows for lateral flexion and rotation of the neck to the same side. Also helps elevate the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae

178
Q

What is the nerve supply of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

179
Q

What muscles adducts scapula so that the inferior angle of the scapula moves medially and holds scapula to the trunk?

A

Rhomboid major and minor

180
Q

What is the nerve supply for the rhomboids?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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