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BSCI 160 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin & Wallace Idea

A

organisms share common ancestries. adaptations lead to diversity in life

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2
Q

Views before 1800

A

species = constant

variation not important; just imperfection

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3
Q

William Paley

A

The watch maker design argument. Adaptations are on purpose. species constant

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4
Q

Lamarck

A 
1744-1829
1st to believe evolution occurs
inheritance of acquired characteristics
use/ disuse drives evolution
spontaneous generation
a drive for perfection
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5
Q

Extinction

A

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
-Catastrophism
founded the study of paleontology
established extinction as a fact: caused by localized catastrophes

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6
Q

Cuvier & Ibises

A

saw no evidence of change over time; believed in functional integration; function determines form- similarities due to common functions- not connected

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7
Q

Hutton

A

FATHER OF GEOLOGY (1726-1797)
Gradualism and an old earth
- planted idea of gradual change over long periods of time based on ancient maps and modern coastlines

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8
Q

Charles Lyell

A

expanded button’s idea of gradual change over periods of time
uniformitarianism

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9
Q

uniformitarianism

A

geological processes are so uniform that their rates & effects must balance through time

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10
Q

Gradualism

A

gradual change over long periods of time

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11
Q

Charles Darwin

A

life long naturalist
trained in medicine and for the clergy
interested in variation & biogeography
studied finches and saw VARIATION

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12
Q

Darwin’s basic argument

A
  1. variation- observable, but under appreciated
  2. heritable variation
  3. struggle to exist
  4. differential survival
  5. change in population’s characteristics
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13
Q

decent with modification

A

unity of life
diversity of life
match between organisms and their environment

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14
Q

Order of the Theories

A 
Linnaus-taxonomy
hutton-gradualism
lamarck-evolution
malthus-populations
cuvier- paleontology
Lyell- uniformitarianism
darwin
mendel-inheritance
wallace
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15
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A
  1. homology
  2. fossil record
  3. vestigial structures
  4. biogeography
  5. Biochemical
  6. Direct observation or strong inference of evolutionary change
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16
Q

homology

A

structures with different uses but strikingly similar features–suggests “tinkering”
ex. shared developmental patterns

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17
Q

fossil record

A

simpler organisms first, then more complex

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18
Q

biogeography

A

study of distribution of organisms

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19
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. variation
  2. heritable variation
  3. struggle
  4. differential
    reproduction
    5.changes in heritable characteristic of the population- evolution
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20
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A 
capacity to pass on genes to reproducing offspring
Depends on:
survival to RD age
mating success
fecundity
survival to RD age by offspring
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21
Q

fecundity

A

number of offspring

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22
Q

evolution

A

changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

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23
Q

mechanisms of evolution

A

natural selection
mutation
migration
genetic drift

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24
Q

natural selection

A 
traits are selected for within a population
can be:
directional
stabilizing
disruptive
density dependent
sexual
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25
Q

gene

A

discrete unit of DNA on chromosomes

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26
Q

allele

A

alternative versions of a gene

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27
Q

locus

A

the location of the gene on the chromosome

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28
Q

diploid

A

individuals have two copies of each chromosome
called homologous pairs
can have two different alleles

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29
Q

sister chromatids

A

2 DNA molecules attached together

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30
Q

meiosis

A

halving the number of chromosomes when forming gametes (1n)

31
Q

chiasma

A

site of crossing over

32
Q

mechanisms for diversity of gametes

A
  1. segregation
  2. independent assortment
  3. crossing over
  4. random fertilization
33
Q

law of segregation

A

alleles segregate into different gametes at meiosis= variation from parent to offspring

34
Q

law of independent assortment

A

for genes on different chromosomes, alleles will segregate independently=all combinations are possible

35
Q

character

A

heritable features of organism that can vary

36
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character

37
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of the organism BB;Bb;bb

38
Q

phenotype

A

the discernible features of an organism

39
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blending of the phenotypes

40
Q

centromere

A

connecting point of chromatids

41
Q

penetrance

A

frequency expressed

42
Q

polydactyly

A

complete dominance

extra finger

43
Q

achondroplasia

A

complete dominance

44
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

autosmal dominant

chromosome 4

45
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive

46
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

chromosome 15
autosomal recessive
lack of enzyme= brain degeneration

47
Q

Blood types

A

multiple alleles:
A,B codominant
O is recessive

48
Q

pleiotrophy

A 
one gene may affect many traits
e.g. HGP finding 
coloration and crossed eyes in siamese cats
marfan syndrom
sickle cell
49
Q

epistasis

A

gene at one locus alters phenotype of gene at another locus
e.g
coat color in mice
Dog coat colors: brown is recessive, yellow is recessive and epistatic

50
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

one trait is affected by many genes e.g skin color, height

51
Q

variation between gene and pheno

A

the environment

52
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A

the transmission of non-DNA sequence information through either meiosis or mitosis

53
Q

genomic imprinting

A

parent of origin specific allele silencing, or relative silencing one parental allele compared with the other parental allele. due to methylation

54
Q

linkage

A

tendency of genes on the same chromosome to end up together in the same gamete

55
Q

x-linked recessive genetic disorders

A

color blindness
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Hemophilia
more common in males because they only inherit one x chromosome

56
Q

Ichythosis

A

x-linked recessive

severely scaly extremities

57
Q

menkes

A

cells can’t absorb copper

58
Q

silent

A

code for same amino acid

59
Q

missense

A

code for wrong amino acid

60
Q

monosomy

A

missing one chromosome

61
Q

trisomy

A

one extra chromosome

62
Q

nondisjuction

A

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis one OR sister chromosomes fail to separate during Meiosis II

63
Q

Nondisjuction disorders

A

down syndrome, turner syndrome, klinefelter

64
Q

gene pool

A

all the individual alleles in a population for a given locus

65
Q

HWE Conditions

A
  1. large populations
  2. no mutations
  3. random mating
  4. isolated from other populations
  5. all individuals survive & reproduce equally
66
Q

3 reasons to NOT have sex

A

inefficient
costly
risky for survival

67
Q

protandrous

A

male 1st

68
Q

protogynous

A

female 1st

69
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in characteristics between males and females of a species

70
Q

intersexual selection

A

traumatic insemination
infanticide
sperm competition
combat

71
Q

3 types of intersexual variation

A

handicap
parasite
developmental stability

72
Q

Darwinian view of disease

A

history matters
evolving pathogens
evolution of virulence

73
Q

Evolution of Virulence

A

virulent diseases will eventually evolve towards reduced severity

74
Q

Pathogens must:

A

reproduce

disperse to new hosts

BSCI 160 (7 decks)

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