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BSCI 160 > Exam 2 Powerpoints > Flashcards

Exam 2 Powerpoints Flashcards

1
Q

Analogous traits

A

similarities that are independently evolved or convergent

not used in cladograms

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2
Q

branch points

A

speciation events

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3
Q

Darwin described…

A

a “Great tree of Life”- the beginning of phylogenies- linked embryology, genetics, medicine, etc.
Organisms united by shared ancestry

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4
Q

Pros & Cons of the Analysis of Fossils

A

P: Direct
C: fragmentary, hard to interpret

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5
Q

phylogenetic analysis

A

compare similarities of organisms (molecular)

construct cladograms

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6
Q

systematics

A

classification to reflect the phylogeny of organisms

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7
Q

monophyletic

A

shared derived trains

an ancestor and all of its descendant

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8
Q

polyphyletic

A

convergent similarity

analogous structures

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9
Q

paraphyletic

A

an ancestor and some of its descendants

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10
Q

Goal of Phylogenetics

A

monophyletic groups- accurately describe relationships

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11
Q

Two Cladistic Methods

A
  1. out group analysis

2. Parsimony

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12
Q

taxon

A

group of similar and related individuals

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13
Q

phylogeny

A

patterns of lineage branching produced by the truth evolutionary history of the organisms being considered

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14
Q

cladistics

A

school of systematics using only homologous, shared derived characteristics

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15
Q

clade

A

monophyletic groups- a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

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16
Q

speciation

A

the origin of new species, is at the focal point of evolutionary theory

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17
Q

microevolution

A

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

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18
Q

macroevolution

A

refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

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19
Q

species concept

A

members have the potential to interbreed

some hybridization is i.k. as long as it is natrual

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20
Q

ecological

A

viewed in terms of a niche

21
Q

pre zygotic barriers

A

prevent formation of a zygote or fertilized egg

22
Q

post zygotic barriers

A

prevent development of viable or fertile offspring

23
Q

What separates species? (Prezygotic)

A
  1. habitat isolation
  2. temporal (timing) isolation
  3. behavioral isolation
  4. mechanical isolation
  5. Gametic Isolation
24
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

Pre.
may occupy the same range and be potentially able to hybridize, but prefer different habitats so never (or rarely) mate.
(i.e. maggots)

25
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Pre.
may potentially interbreed, but are :ready” at different times
(i.e. breeding times in frogs)

26
Q

behavioral isolation

A

pre.
species may encounter each other, but do not mate because of differences in courtship or other behaviors
(i.e. bird courtship & songs, firefly blink pattern)

27
Q

mechanical isolation

A

pre.
differences in anatomy
especially in flower and insects

28
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

pre.

gametes do not recognize each other due to different receptors

29
Q

What separates species post zygotically?

A
  1. reduced hybrid viability
  2. hybrid infertility
  3. hybrid breakdown
30
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

post
hybrid offspring do not develop
hybrid offspring do not survive as well
(i.e. stickleback: Benthics vs. Limnetics)

31
Q

hybrid infertility

A

post
the hybrids are not fertile
(i.e. mules, Tigons etc.)
STERILE

32
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

post

1st generation hybrids are fertile, but 2nd generation are sterile or weak (i.e. in some plants)

33
Q

How do differences arise?

A
  1. allopatric speciation

2. sympatric speciation

34
Q

allopatric speciation

A

physical barrier divides population (vicariance)
(i.e. rise of a mountain range, formation of a river/valley, changes in sea level, or migration to an island or a new habitat)

35
Q

adaptive radiation

A

(speciation on islands)

evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor

36
Q

Populations become different due to..

A

founder effect at outset (especially if one or both of the new populations are small) through genetic drift
- natural selection under different conditions. May result in physical or behavioral differences that inhibit breeding even if contact is restored.

37
Q

Reinforcement

A

hybrid offspring have lower survival, so selection favors assortative mating
hybrids gradually cease to form

38
Q

fusion

A

large areas of hybridization and highly fit hybrids may fuse the two species back into one
Re-contact may overwhelm differences acquired in isolation

39
Q

sympatric speciation

A

no physical barrier separating diverging populations (ecological isolation, auto and allopolyploidy)

40
Q

allopoloploidy

A

hybridization and errors in meiosis lead to polyploid offspring with chromosomes from 2 different species

41
Q

Evolution is a tinkerer

A

when evolution gives something a function…. turns a leg into a wing or a part of a jaw into ear pieces

42
Q

macroevolutionary patterns

A

broad-sale patterns of change, diversification and extinction in the fossil road

43
Q

macroevolutionary patterns

A
  1. gradualism

2. punctuated equilibrium

44
Q

gradualism

A

classic darwin
generally slow and constant change
distinction among fossil species fairly arbitrary
claims that gradual change is a predominant pattern

45
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

emphasizes periods of stasis interspersed with periods of “rapid” change
emphasizes that most change occurs at speciation

46
Q

what causes stasis?

A

stabilizing selection
variable directional selection
genetic/ developmental constraints

47
Q

6 origins of evolutionary novelty

A
  1. exaptation
  2. duplication
  3. serial homology
  4. heterochrony
  5. lateral gene transfer
  6. homeotic genes and pattern formation
48
Q

exaptation

A

evolution is a tinkerer

(i.e.

BSCI 160 (7 decks)

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