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BSCI 160 > COMPLETE EXAM 2 REVIEW > Flashcards

COMPLETE EXAM 2 REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Analogous

A

i.e. convergent
-similarities that are independently evolved are called analogous
NOT used in cladograms
Example: similarity of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes… both have independently arrived at essentially the same solution to the problem of converting EM radiation to neural impulses

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2
Q

“Tree Thinking”

A

Darwin thought of life as a tree- described living species at the tips, branches are groups of closely related species, branch points are speciation events

  • united by shared ancestry
  • completely revolutionized comparative and evolutionary biology
  • linked embryology, genetics, medicine, etc.
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3
Q

Analysis of Fossils

A

pros: direct
cons: fragmentary, can be hard to interpret

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4
Q

phylogenetic analysis

A
  • compare similarities of organisms (molecular)

- construct cladograms

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5
Q

phylogeny is constructed by…

A

speciation

origin of new characteristics

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6
Q

Systematics

A

classification to reflect the phylogeny of organisms

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7
Q

cladogram

A

a branching diagram depicting an estimate of the phylogeny

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8
Q

clade

A

a grouping that includes a COMMON ANCESTOR and all of the descendants (living & extinct) of that ancestor

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9
Q

monophyletic

A

shared derived trait (syapomorphy)
single origin- an ancestral species and all of the descendant species grouped together
implies close relationship
monophyletic groups = clade

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10
Q

polyphyletic

A

convergent similarity

  • independent origins
  • does not imply close relationship
    i. e bats and birds
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11
Q

Paraphyletic

A

primitive similarity

  • single origin
  • does not imply close relationship
  • e.g. lizards and crocs lack feathers, but so did the ancestor of birds
  • paraphyletic groups
  • most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendents
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12
Q

Goal of Phylogenetic analysis (Cladistic Methods)

A

-monophyletic groups

accurately describe relationships

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13
Q

Willi Hennig’s (1950,1966) Two principles for reconstructing phylogeny

A

parsimony

outgrip analysis

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14
Q

parsimony

A

the cladogram requiring the fewest evolutionary changes is (usually) preferred (AKA Occam’s Razor)
-uses the simplest explanation for the distribution of characters

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15
Q

taxon

A

group of similar and related individuals

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16
Q

speciation

A

the origin of new species, is at the focal pint of evolutionary theory

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17
Q

microevolution

A

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

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18
Q

macroevolution

A

refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

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19
Q

BSC Concept of species

A

all members have the potential to interbreed under natural conditions and produce viable, fertile offspring
“some” hybridization o.k. as long as it doesn’t occur naturally enough to overwhelm the boundary

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20
Q

Limitations of BSC Concept

A

-not always clear who has the “potential” to interbreed
-does not apply to asexual organisms
-can’t be applied to fossils
boundaries are arbitrary- i.e. dog x wolf
how much hybridization is too much?

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21
Q

morphological species

A

concept is a practical substitute for BSC- looks at structural features

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22
Q

phylogenetic species

A

smallest group on a tree

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23
Q

ecological species

A

viewed in terms of niche (function or place of an organism in a given ecosystem)

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24
Q

pre zygotic barrier

A 
separates species by:
preventing formation of a zygote or fertilized egg
1. habitat isolation
2. temporal isolation
3. behavioral isolation
4. mechanical isolation
5. gametic isolation
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25
Q

post zygotic barrier

A 
separates species by:
preventing development of viable or fertile offspring
1. reduced hybrid viability
2. hybrid infertility
3. hybrid breakdown
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26
Q

habitat isolation

A

may occupy the same range and be potentially able to hybridize, but prefer different habitats so never (or rarely) mate.
i.e. maggot fly races

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27
Q

temporal isolation

A

may potentially interbreed, but are “ready” at different times
many plants, animals breed at different times
i.e. apple maggots and hawthorn maggots
frogs

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28
Q

behavioral isolation

A

species may encounter each other, but do not mate because of differences in courtship or other behaviors.
i.e. birds, fire fly bling patterns, bird songs

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29
Q

mechanical isolation

A

e.g. lock and key
-found in many insects and flowers
(different anatomy)

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30
Q

gametic isolation

A

gametes do not recognize each other due to different receptors

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31
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

hybrid offspring do not develop
do not survive as well
i.e. sticklebacks: benthic V. Limnetics

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32
Q

hybrid infertility

A

i.e. mules, tigons etc.

They are sterile

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33
Q

hybrid break down

A

1st generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate, the 2nd generation hybrids are sterile or weak
-common in plants?

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34
Q

Allopatirc speciation

A

physical barrier divides population (vicariance)
i.e. a rise of a mountain range, formation of a river or valley, or changes in sea level
examples:
migration to an island or a new habitat

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35
Q

adaptive radiation

A

evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor (speciation on islands)

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36
Q

populations become different due to…

A

founder effect at outset (especially if one or both of the new populations are small) through genetic drift
natural selection under different conditions. May result in physical or behavioral differences that inhibit breeding even if contact is restored

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37
Q

Recontact of populations:

A

may reinforce differences acquired in isolation
hybrids gradually cease to form
-may overwhelm differences acquired in isolation

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38
Q

reinforcement

A

hybrid offspring have lower survival, so selection favors assortative mating

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39
Q

fusion

A

large areas of hybridization and highly fit hybrids may fuse the two species back into one

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40
Q

sympatric speciation

A

no physical barrier separating diverging populations

i. e. hawthorn maggots shows fidelity to hawthorn trees
1. Autopolypoidy
2. Allopoloploidy

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41
Q

autopolploidy

A

same species mate
duplication of chromosomes number occurs due to meiosis failure
reproductively isolates offspring from parent population
common in plants
facilitated by ability to self-fertilize

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42
Q

Allopoloploidy

A

hybridization and errors in meiosis lead to polyploid offspring with chromosomes from 2 different species that are FERTILE
i.e. marsh grass= wheat

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43
Q

Allopolyploidy in plants

A

key forces in plant speciation = new species
occupy novel ecological “intermediate niches” from parents
- hybrid vigor

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44
Q

“Evolution is a Tinkerer”

A

evolution takes a character and gives it an unexpected function
i.e. turns a leg into a wing

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45
Q

Macroevolutionary patterns

A

Broad-Scale patterns of change, diversification and extinction in the fossil record
- crossing the big boundaries- origin and consequences of new body plans

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46
Q

Anagenesis

A

patterns of change over time

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47
Q

Cladogenesis

A

patterns of diversification

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48
Q

Gradualism

A

-classic darwin
generally slow, constant change
distinction among fossil species fairly arbitrary
appeal to sketchiness of fossil record to explain gaps
does not claim that all change will be gradual, only that this is a predominant pattern

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49
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

emphasizes periods of stasis interspersed with periods of “rapid” change (geologically speaking)
works well with cladistics
emphasizes that most change occurs at speciation

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50
Q

stasis

A

long periods of subtle evolutionary change

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51
Q

“living fossils”

A

lineages that have changed so little for such a long time

i.e coelacanths

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52
Q

What causes Stasis

A

not always clear
-prob includes
stabilizing selection keeping the species from changing
variable directional selection that keeps the species fluctuating around a mean
genetic/ developmental constraints
- retention of primitive features in the absence of appropriate variation or directional selection

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53
Q

mosaic evolution

A

the evolutionary change of different adaptive components of the phenotype of an organism at different times or at different rates in an evolutionary sequence

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54
Q

“rapid” change

A

origin of a new species and characteristics over a time period that is short relative to the period of stasis
does NOT say that speciation/ changes are instantaneous - merely that they happen too quickly to be generally captured in the fossil record
spending on resolution of fossil record, may still be a million years!

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55
Q

What causes rapid diversification

A
  1. environmental change

2. ecological opportunity

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56
Q

environmental change

A

“sudden” appearance of every animal phyla within about 50 millions of years
why?
increased O2 levels supporting larger body size
predation

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57
Q

ecological opportunity

extrinsic

A
  • extrinsic factors
    provide opportunities to occupy previously unavailable niches - adaptive radiation
    examples:
    darwin’s finches
    radiation of mammals after dinosaur extinction… also factor in the explosion of bilateral
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58
Q 
ecological opportunity
(intrinsic)
A

key innovations: characteristics that open up new opportunities
i.e. flowers, wants, etc.
novel characteristics
(tinkering)

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59
Q

6 origins of evolutionary novelty

A
  1. exaptation
  2. duplication
  3. Serial Homology
  4. Heterochrony
  5. Lateral Gene Transfer
  6. Homeotic genes and pattern formation
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60
Q

exaptation

A

evolution is a tinkerer!
flowers are modified leaves
insect wings may have arisen as heat collecting devices

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61
Q

duplication

A

evolution of genes with novel functions:
duplicated genes can evolve different (novel) functions
i.e. globin genes, Pseudogenes

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62
Q

Serial Homology

A

i. e. arthropod libs
- repetitive segments in the same organism
- duplicated limbs/ segments can specialize

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63
Q

heterochrony

A

changes in developmental timing can radically alter the adult appearance of an organism
example pedomorphosis

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64
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

a sexually mature adult retains features that were juvenile structures in its evolutionary ancestors
example: starfish

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65
Q

Lateral Gene transfer

A

horizontal movement of individual genes, organelles or fragments of genomes from one lineage to another
(often in bacteria)

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66
Q

homeotic genes

A

small sets of genes function as developmental master switches

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67
Q

homeotic genes and pattern formation

A

simple developmental/ genetic changes can have major effects

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68
Q

Factors influencing the shape of the tree of life:

A

key innovations and their consequences (wings and flowers)
major transformations
major radiations

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69
Q

Does the fossil record show gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?

A

yes

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70
Q

Origin of Life Problems

A
  1. we can’t observe, even indirectly the earliest steps
  2. even simplest forms of life are very complex
    Which, if either, came first
    DNA- info storage
    OR
    Proteins- do work, require info from DNA to be assembled
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71
Q

Four BIG steps to life

A
  1. formation of small organic compounds
  2. formation of complex polymers
  3. formation of liposomes to protect complex polymers (and more)
  4. formation of a system of self-replication
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72
Q

Formation of small, organic compounds

A 
i.e. amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, etc. 
How?
Oparin-Haldane Theory
Miller (1953) tested how:
atmosphere, spark
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73
Q

Oparin Haldane Theory

A

early atmosphere had little oxygen
early atmosphere was reducing (Lots of CH4, NH3, H2)
this favored reactions forming organic molecules

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74
Q

Panspermia Hypothesis

A

organic material (or actual life itself) from elsewhere

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75
Q

Formation of polymers

A

possible without cellular catalysts? yes.
need to concentrate monomers
need to catalyze reaction inorganically
not a huge obstacle

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76
Q

formation of liposomes

A

“aggregates of abiotically produced molecules”
can spontaneously form
artificial vesicles can be created from phospholipids

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77
Q

Protocells

A

can carry out cell like processes
store energy across membrane
take-up and release “metabolites”

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78
Q

Formation of a system of self-replication

A

information, and a means of replicating it

may have preceded association with protocols

79
Q

Protein or DNA first?

A

Niether! it could have been an RNA (enzyme- ribozyme) that could poorly cut nucleic acids

80
Q

Why RNA?

A

genetic info. stored in DNA.
RNA is created from DNA to put info. into action
RNA can direct creation of proteins (mRNA; tRNA; rRNA)
DNA can’t do this
RNA is versatile

81
Q

3 Problems with RNA

A
  1. In the absence of cells, products of ribozyme activity would be shared
  2. Self-Replication of large RNA’s has not been demonstrated
  3. initial formation of RNA
82
Q

History of Life

A 
earth forms- 4.6 billion  years ago
environment very different
-volcanoes
-meteor impacts
-low amount of oxygen
Life appears "quickly"
-prokaryotes
-How do they metabolize
83
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
dominant life forms on earth
-10x the biomass of all eukaryotes
10^14 prokaryotic cells in your gut; 10^13 cells make up your body
EXTREME metabolic diversity
the basis for all eukaryotic metabolism
84
Q

Changes in Earth’s physical environment

A

-atmospheric oxygen concentration has also changed over time
- The early atmosphere probably had little or no oxygen, until some bacteria evolved photosynthesis (about 2.5 bya)
-the O2 dissolved in water and reacted with iron to form iron oxide, which accumulated in alternating layers of red and dark rock, known as banded iron formations.
earliest evidence of photosynthesis
-O2 also began to accumulate in the atmosphere
-cyanobacteria formed stromatolites which are abundant in the fossil record and are still formed today
o2 released by cyanobacteria allowed evolution of oxidation reactions as the source for ATP synthesis

85
Q

prokaryotes are haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

86
Q

prokaryotes

A 
no nuclear envelope
no membrane bound organelles
circular DNA, with relatively few genes
no mitosis; instead do binary fission
began 3.8 billion years ago
bacteria & Archea
87
Q

prokaryotes are mono, poly, or para phyletic?

A

paraphyletic

88
Q

prokaryotic chromosome

A 
small size (relative to Euk.)
extreme diversity
simpler structure
haploid
no sex. no centromere, chromatin, etc.
89
Q

prokaryotic plasmids

A 
few genes
independent replication & transcription
variable importance for cell growth
antibiotic resistance genes
facilitate lateral gene transfer
90
Q

transduction

A

genes via virus infection

91
Q

conjugation

A

plasmids from live bacteria

92
Q

transformation

A

genes from environment such as dead batters/ archaea

93
Q

mechanisms of lateral gene transfer

A

transduction
conjugation
transformation

94
Q

Why is evolution so rapid in prokaryotes

A

lateral gene transfer
short generation time
high mutation rates
BUT no independent assortment

95
Q

Requirements of Metabolism

A 
1. energy-
phototrophs use light
chemotrophs use chemical compounds
2. carbon-
autotrophs use CO2
heterotrophs use organic compounds they consume
96
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use energy from light and carbon dioxide to create energy

e.g. plants and some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria

97
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

energy from inorganic and carbon from carbon dioxide

e.g. some prokaryotes like archea

98
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

energy from light, carbon from organic sources i.e. some prokaryotes

99
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

energy and carbon from organic sources

e.g. some prokaryotes & us

100
Q

Origin of Cyanobacteria

A

increased oxygen levels (eventually)
oxygen is very reactive- breaks bonds
bad news for anaerobic organisms
but allowed the evolution of aerobic respiration

101
Q

methanogens

A

important decomposers
use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane
archaea

102
Q

halophile

A

thrives in water 10x as salty as the ocean

archaea

103
Q

thermophiles

A

up to 105 degrees C

archaea

104
Q

acidophiles

A

archaea

in pH below 1.0 (battery acid)

105
Q

lytic virus

A

destroy host cell

virulent

106
Q

lysogenic

A

silent in host genome

can become active

107
Q

Eukaryotes include:

A

protists- mostly unicellular with 5 major groups

plants animals fungi

108
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

lynn Margolis

a cyan bacteria ancestor engulfed a eukaryote

109
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

a heterotrophic ports engulfed an alga containing chloroplasts

110
Q

Eukaryote Features

A 
biomarkers (traits)
modernn eukaryotes have:
- membrane bound nucleus
membrane bound organelles
chromosomes
cytoskeleton
111
Q

closest relatives of modern plants

A

green algae

112
Q

Life in water was easy because

A 
bathed in nutrients
supported against gravity
extensive transport not necessary
gametes, offspring can be transmitted by water
no problem of desiccation
113
Q

why leave the water?

A 
direct sun light
nutrients and minerals on land
abundant CO2
absence of herbivores
new niches
114
Q

sporophytes

A

produces spores
2n -> 1n
meiosis

115
Q

gametophytes

A

produces gametes
mitosis
1n ->1n

116
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

mosses, horn worts
can be abundant in moist habitats
spores and gametes similar in size

117
Q

non vascular plants

A

two major break throughs

  1. cuticle
  2. protected embryo
118
Q

Ferns

A

first vascular plant

119
Q

angiosperms and gymnosperms produce seeds

A

true

120
Q

in seed plants the sporophyte is nutritionally dependent upon the gametophyte

A

false; the other way around

121
Q

the sperm of gymnosperms require water for fertilization

A

false; wind

122
Q

seed plants are homosporous

A

false; heterosporous

123
Q

the evolution of seeds greatly aided the colonization of drier area

A

true

124
Q

fertilization occurs simultaneously with pollination

A

false; pollination occurs first

125
Q

the main function of older wood, produced by secondary growth is water transport

A

false; structure

126
Q

confers are the most abundant gymnosperms

A

true

127
Q

fungi

A

more closely related to animals than to plants
chitin
store glycogen
multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

128
Q

What are animals

A 
metazoans
multicellular
nervous and muscle tissue
collagen
heterotrophic
embryonic development
HOX genes with specific DNA 
monophyletic
129
Q

animals origin

A

originate from protists

multicellularity independent of plants, fungi

130
Q

Early animals

A 
porifera
no true tissues
2 cell types
choanocytes
ameobocytes
no symmetry
hermaphrodites
asexual regeneration
131
Q

sponges

A 
adults sessile
skeletal fibers in middle layer-> spicules
filter feeders
full of holes 
create current with choanocytes flagella
132
Q

Cnidarians

A 
jelly fish
radial symmetry
two phases in the life cycle
-polyp
-medusa
Reproduce
sexual
asexual budding
-nematocysts
stinging organelles nerve net
133
Q

Eumetazoa

A 
diploblastic
two tissue layers
-ecto
end-
e.g. Cnidarians
jellyfish, coral
134
Q

Bilateria

A 
bilateral symmetry
cephalization
development of head
sense organs in front
direction in movement
origin: triploblasty
mesoderm- forms muscles and supports organs
135
Q

Ceolemates

A

animals with body cavity that develops within the mesoderm
more control over movement of fluids
better support of organs and better digestions

136
Q

protosomes

A

pore becomes mouth

137
Q

deuterstomes

A

pore becomes ass hole

138
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

mollusks, annelids, flat worms (acoelomates)

139
Q

annelids

A

segmented worms
can operate segments independently
coelom
redundancy

140
Q

segmentation

A

evolved multiple times in annelids
antropods
chordates

141
Q

4 classes of mollusks

A
  1. chitons
  2. bivalves
  3. gastropods
  4. cephalopods
142
Q

ecdysozoans

A

cuticle and molting

143
Q

arthropods

A

jointed appendages
regional segmentation
exoskeleton (chitin)
open circulatory system

144
Q

Four Phylas of Dueterostomes

A
  1. echinodermata
  2. heminchordata
  3. xeno
  4. chordata
145
Q

4 chordate characteristics

A
  1. notochord- structural support
    *most distinctive derived trait
  2. dorsal hollow
    nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits- feeding, then breathing
  4. Muscular tail- propulsion
146
Q

vertebrates

A 
jointed skeleton
extreme cephalization
great sense orans
closed circulatory system
internal organs suspended in coelom
147
Q

4 derived mammal traits

A

hair
lactation
three-bone middle ear
sweat glands

148
Q

Gnathostomes

A

have jaws

149
Q

tetrapods

A

jointed limbs

150
Q

Hamprey & Lampreys

A

cartilage
no jaw
no limbs
no amniotic egg

151
Q

chondrichthyes

A 
sharks
cartilage
jaws begin
paired fins
no amniotic egg
152
Q

Esteichthyes

A 
ray finned fishes
bones begin
present jaw
paired fins
no amniotic egg
153
Q

amphibia

A 
frogs
bony
jaw present
for limbs begin
no amniotic egg
154
Q

reptiles

A 
lizards, turtles, snakes, birds
bony
jaw present
four limbs
AMNIOTIC EGG
155
Q

Derived Traits of hominids

A

large brain; short jaws
forward looking eyes
complex social care
fully opposable thumb

156
Q

hominids closest relatives

A

chimps and bonobos

157
Q

1-5% of DNA can be traced back to…

A

neanderthals

158
Q

Lucy

A

Ausralopithecus afarensis

fully bipedal

159
Q

Differences in courtship behavior are an example of post zygotic barriers to mating

A

FALSE

prezygotic

160
Q

A small isolated population is more likely to change into a new species than a large population

A

True

161
Q

The most metabolically diverse are prokaryotes

A

true

162
Q

reptiles represent a polyphyletic phylogeny

A

FALSE paraphyletic

163
Q

A phylogeny is constructed using analogous characters

A

False; homologous

164
Q

flat worms have a true body cavity or coelom

A

no coelom/ acoelomate

165
Q

the prezygotic barrier where gametes are unable to recognize each other due to different molecular receptors is called mechanical isolation

A

false; gametic isolation

166
Q

allopolyploidy is a form of sympatric speciation that involves errors in meiosis and hybridization between two different species of organisms

A

true

167
Q

sponges are the first animals with true tissues

A

false; no tissues- Cnidarians or jelly fish are the first with true tissues

168
Q

birds and mammals independently evolved a high metabolism

A

true

169
Q

one of the 4 characteristics of all chordates is extreme chepalization

A 
FALSE
notochord
tail
slits/ gills
dorsal nerve cord
170
Q

when a horse and a donkey mate, they produce mules that are sterile. This is an example of post zygotic isolation

A

true

171
Q

homeotic genes contribute to evolutionary novelty by altering an organism’s body plan

A

true

172
Q

viruses are subject to natural selection processes

A

true

173
Q

after the demise of dinosaurs, the process by which mammals diversified into new species as they filled newly opened ecological niches is called adaptive radiation

A

true

174
Q

a recent view of early prokaryotes states they obtained their energy from inorganic sources and their carbon from CO2. Thus, they are called photoautotrophs.

A

False; chemoautotrophs

175
Q

Changes in timing or rate of developmental events such as sexual maturation are generally known as serial homologies.

A

heterochrony

176
Q

protists alive today are the closest relatives to both animals and plants

A

true

177
Q

The concept of species has changed over time. What is the essential aspect of the BSC.

a. individuals of a species occupy identical ecological roles
b. all members of the same genus are able to mate successfully
c. individuals within a genus share behaviors and appearance
d. individuals of a species are able to mate and produce fertile offspring in the wild

A

D.

178
Q

Which of the following is the most successful (abundant) of the animal phyla?

a. annelids
b. arthropods
c. vertebrates
d. prokaryotes

A

b.

179
Q

If a new animal species appears suddenly in the fossil record that is completely different from other animal species which of the following macroevolution patters would be supported?

a. gradualism
b. punctuated equilibrium
c. adaptive radiation
d. anagenesis

A

b.

180
Q

peripheral and isolated populations are more likely to undergo speciation than large or connected populations, because a small population

a. contains a greater amount of genetic diversity
b. is more susceptible to gene flow
c. is more affected by genetic drift
d. is more subject to errors during meiosis

A

c.

181
Q

the predominant generation in the life cycle of angiosperms is the?

a. seed
b. sporphyte
c. gametophyte
d. sperm

A

b.

182
Q

what defines a chordate

a. ability to live on land
b. development of an anus from the blastopore
c. presence of a well-developed circulatory system
d. presence of four specific morphological traits

A 
d. 
gills/ slits
dorsal nerve cord
nochtocord 
tail
183
Q

One of the techniques developed by Willi Hennig for reconstructing the phylogenic histories of organisms.

a. cladograms
b. punctuated equilibrium
c. parsimony
d. anagenesis

A

c.

184
Q

which of the statements below about the Fungi is correct?

a. all fungi are heterotrophs, but are able to switch to photosynthesis when stressed or the food supply is depleted
b. all fungi are asprophytic
c. all fungi receive their nutrients through absorption
d. most fungi are parasitic in their feeding methods
e. all of the above

A

c.

185
Q 
Which animals are protostomes
sponge
earthworm
roundworm
arthropod
liver fluke
sea urchin
A

earthworm
roundworm
arthropod
liver fluke

186
Q 
All chordates share the following characteristics
notochord 
muscular tail
pharyngeal slits
3-bone middle ear
dorsal nerve cord
A

notochord
muscular tail
pharyngeal slits
dorsal nerve cord

187
Q 
Organisms with an amniotic egg
lamprey snakes
platypus
zebra
frogs
penguins
A

platypus
zebra
penguins

188
Q 
the following land plants have vascular tissue
mosses
ferns
gymnosperms
angiosperms
A

ferns
gymnosperms
angiosperms

189
Q

one of the final steps in the formation of life is development of a system of self-replication. Explain the significance along with the problems of RNA molecules in the “RNA world.” is there an alternative to RNA? explain.

A
  1. RNA is an auto-catalyst & it self replicates
  2. those forms that self-replicated through own enzyme- ribozyme were selected for in evolution
    RNA can store genetic information
    RNA can catalyze reactions
    RNA forms that were better at at surviving and reproducing would have been a selective advantage
    Problems:
    without cells, products of enzyme would be shared
    no one has seen large RNA self-rep
    hard to imagine initial RNA molecule
    maybe a pre-RNA world
    proteins can form and polymerize abiotically and catalyze their own rep
190
Q

explain the significance of oxygen to the development of life on earth- sometimes called oxygen rev

A

early life consisted first of organisms who were anaerobic- glycolysis with out oxygen was first form of metabolism
when photoautotrophs hit the scene O in the atmosphere increased due to increase in photosynthesis
this allowed for the evolution of aerobic organisms who used the oxygen
much more energy was produced = mor growth and activity
more energy and greater size= variety of life forms- cambrian explosion

191
Q

what is endosymbiosis ? give some examples of this kind of relationship today. prove the evidence that supports the theory of endosymbiosis

A 
explains the origin of eukaryotes as one species being engulfed by another
chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living aerobic prokaryotes
examples:
similar membranes
modes of replication
simple genomes
transcription
susceptible to similar antibiotics
evidence today:
solar sea slugs
protists inside animals
192
Q

compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals to life on land.

A 
plants have adapted 
cuticle to conserve water
vascular tissue allows larger size 
overcome gravity and able to move to land
seed
protected embryo
animals have adapted 
tissues
cephalization
limbs & appendages 
coelom
allowed for amniotic 
egg
193
Q

driving force of evolution

A

Symbiosis

194
Q

define and give an example of exaptation

A

a trait that evolves to serve one particular function, but then it may come to serve another in a different environment.
example: bird wings- heat collectors with feathers and now used for flight

BSCI 160 (7 decks)

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