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Nat 5 Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is trapped by chlorophyll. Water is broken down into oxygen, energy and hydrogen

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2
Q

What happens in stage two of photosynthesis?

A

NADP carries the hydrogen into the carbon fixation stage. Hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide to form glucose

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3
Q

Where does stage two of photosynthesis take place?

A

In the stroma

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4
Q

What is the name of stage two of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin cycle / carbon fixation

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5
Q

What substance is needed to drive stage two of photosynthesis?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What does the granum contain?

A

The pigments molecules/ chlorophyll

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7
Q

What can glucose be used for?

A

Starch, cellulose, proteins, converted into fats and oils

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8
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, light intensity, CO2 concentration

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9
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

light energy
CO2 + water ————> glucose + oxygen
chlorophyll

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10
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Two strands which form a double helix, each strand made from nucleotides

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11
Q

What are the base pairs of DNA?

A

A - T

G - C

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12
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Carries genetic information of an organism

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13
Q

What is DNA organised into?

A

Chromosomes which are millions of base pairs long

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14
Q

What is a section of base pairs called?

A

A gene

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15
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A protein

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16
Q

What are DNA and ribosomes linked by?

A

mRNA

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17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

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18
Q

Does osmosis require energy?

A

No, it is with the concentration gradient (passive transport)

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19
Q

If a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution what happens to it?

A

It shrinks and becomes plasmolysed

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20
Q

What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It swells and becomes turgid

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21
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

It shrinks

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22
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It swells and bursts

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

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24
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No, it is down concentration gradient

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25
Q

Name an example of substances that can enter/leave cell through diffusion

A

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Where does stage one of photosynthesis take place?

A

In the granum

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27
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Two layers that are selectively permeable. Proteins + a double lipid layer

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28
Q

What is in an animal cell?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria

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29
Q

What is in a plant cell?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall

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30
Q

What is in a fungal cell?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall

31
Q

What is in a bacteria cell?

A

Cell membrane, ribosomes, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasmid, circular chromosome

32
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Regulates what can enter/leave cell

33
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell’s activities, passes genetic information from cell to cell

34
Q

Where do cellular reactions take place?

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

What takes place in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration and ATP production

36
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

Ribosomes

37
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA

38
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration

39
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

Yes, it is against the concentration gradient

40
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains

41
Q

What determines the shape and function of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids

42
Q

What two shapes can proteins be?

A

Fibrous or globular

43
Q

Name a type of protein

A

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin

44
Q

How many stages is in mitosis?

A

6

45
Q

What carries the genetic information of a cell?

A

Chromosomes in the nucleus

46
Q

How many chromosomes does a single cell contain?

A

46 (23 pairs)

47
Q

What enzymes made of?

A

Proteins

48
Q

Name a biological catalyst?

A

Enzymes

49
Q

What is the active site a specific shape for?

A

A substrate

50
Q

The shape of an enzyme is determined by what?

A

Sequence of amino acids

51
Q

What is a degradation reaction?

A

The break down of complex molecules into simpler ones

52
Q

What a synthesis reaction?

A

Build up of complex molecules from simple ones

53
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH and supply of substrate

54
Q

What happens when the factors of enzyme activity is too high or low?

A

Enzyme is denatured

55
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process in which cells obtain energy

56
Q

When does aerobic respiration occur?

A

When oxygen is available

57
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

When oxygen is not available

58
Q

The energy released from respiration is used to synthesise what?

A

Molecules of ATP

59
Q

What is ATP needed for?

A

Active transport, muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis

60
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

What is stage one of aerobic respiration called and where does it take place?

A

Glycolysis in the cytoplasm

62
Q

What happens in stage one of respiration?

A

Glucose is converted into pyruvate

63
Q

What is the name of stage two of respiration and where does it take place?

A

Citric acid cycle in the mitochondria

64
Q

In stage two of respiration, what is oxygen converted into?

A

Carbon dioxide

65
Q

Is oxygen needed for stage two of respiration?

A

Yes

66
Q

What is the name of stage three of respiration and where does it take place?

A

Cytochrome system in the cristae

67
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced as a final product?

A

38

68
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —–> CO2 + water + energy

69
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose lactic acid + energy

70
Q

How is the lactic acid removed in your body?

A

By paying back oxygen dept (recovery time)

71
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Glucose ——> ethanol + CO2 + energy

72
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration in plants take place?

A

Cytoplasm

73
Q

Give an example of a enzyme breakdown reaction

A

amylase

Starch ———-> maltose

74
Q

Give an example of an enzyme synthesis reaction

A

phosphorylase

Glucose-1-phosphate —————–> starch

Nat 5 Biology (3 decks)

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