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Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bonds in a protein are fairly strong and therefore not broken down easily

A

Disulfide

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2
Q

Which bonds are formed between the carboxyl and amino acid groups and are easily broken by changes in PH

A

Ionic

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3
Q

Explain the test for proteins

A

Place a sample in a test tube and add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide solution
Add a few drops of very dilute copper sulphate solution and mix gently
A purple colour action indicates peptide bonds and therefore a protein

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4
Q

What is the name if the test for proteins

A

Biuret test

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5
Q

What colour will the solution remain when testing for proteins if proteins are not present

A

Blue

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6
Q

Fibrous proteins form what functions

A

Structural

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7
Q

Globular proteins carry out what functions

A

Metabolic functions

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8
Q

Given an example of a fibrous protein

A

Collagen

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9
Q

Given an example of a globular protein

A

Enzymes or haemoglobin

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10
Q

What are the limitations of the transmission electron microscope

A

Whole System must be in a vacuumed so living organisms can’t be observed
A complex staining process is required
The specimen must be extremely thin
The image may contain artefacts

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11
Q

What can the SEM do that the TEM not do

A

Produce a 3d image

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12
Q

Which has a higher resolution the TEM or the SEM

A

TEM

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13
Q

A bactira is what type of cell.

A

Prokaryotic

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14
Q

The folds in the double membrane of the mitochondria that form extensions are know as what

A

Cristae

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15
Q

The remainder of the mitochondria that is formed of a semi rigid material containing protein lipids and traces of DNA is known as what

A

Matrix

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16
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
Provide a path way for the transport of materials especially proteins throughout the cell

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17
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids

Synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates

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18
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes such as those secreted by the pancreas
Secrete carbohydrates such as those used in making cell walls
Transport modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes

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19
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes

A

Break down material ingested by phagocytic cells
Release enzymes to the outside of the cell
Digest worn out organelles so chemicals they are made of can be reused
Completely break down cells after they have died

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20
Q

What type of of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells

A

80S

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21
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells ?

A

70S

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22
Q

What are the roles of lipids

A

Energy source
Waterproofing
Insulation
Protection

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23
Q

What is the name of the test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

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24
Q

Explain the test for lipids

A

Take dry grease free test tube
Take 2cm of sample an add to 5cm of ethanol
Shake thoroughly to dissolve any lipid sample
Add 5cm of water and shake gently
A cloudy white colour indicates the presence of lipids

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25
Q

In a phospholipid the head is what

A

Hydrophilic

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26
Q

In a phospholipid the tail is what

A

Hydrophobic

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27
Q

What are the 3 bonds formed in proteins ?

A

Disulfided
Ionic
Hydrogen

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28
Q

Why are pathogens that show a lot of antigenic variability would cause a vaccine to be ineffective

A

Antigen changes so specific antibody no longer binds to new antigen
Many different strains so not possible to make a vaccine with all antigens

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29
Q

Name 6 ways that substances can cross the cell surface membrane other than diffusion

A

Osmosis Co-transport
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
By phagocytosis
Exocytosis- fusion of vesicle with cell surface membrane

30
Q

Explain facilitated diffusion

A

Use of channel/ carrier protein

Down concentration gradient

31
Q

What is an atheroma

A

A fatty deposited in the wall of the artery

32
Q

What does the aorta do ?

A

Connected to the left ventricle carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body apart from the lungs.

33
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Connected to the right atrium brings back deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body

34
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

Connected to the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen is replenished and it’s carbon dioxide is removed

35
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry

A

Deoxygenated blood

36
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Connected to the left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs.

37
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry

A

Oxygenated blood

38
Q

The heart is supplied blood by what vessels

A

Coronary arteries

39
Q

The contraction of the heart is known as what

A

Systole

40
Q

The relaxation of the heart is known as what

A

Diastole

41
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
(That order)

42
Q

Valves in veins are known as what?

A

Pocket valves

43
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle at each beat

44
Q

What is the formulae for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

45
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output

A

The volume if blood pumped out by one ventricle of the heart in one minute

46
Q

What are the sequence of events that control the cardiac cycle

A

A wave of electrical activity spreads out from the SAN causing both atria to contract top down
A layer of non-conductive prevents the waves crossing to the ventricle
The wave passes through the AVN
The AVN after a short delay conveys a wave of electrical activity to the bundle of His
The bundle of His conducts the wave to the base of the ventricles
This moves through the purjkine fibres causing the ventricle to contract up

47
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Formation of a blot clot within a vessel that may lead to a blockage

48
Q

What happens in thrombosis

A

An atheroma brakes through the endothelium lining of a blood vessel and forms a rough surface that interrupts the smooth flow of blood

49
Q

How does an aneurysm form

A

Atheroma that lead to the formation if thrombus weaken the artery walls.
The weakened points swell to from ballon like blood filled structures

50
Q

What is it called if an aneurysm busts

A

Haemorrhage

51
Q

Name 4 risk factors of CHD

A

Smoking
High blood pressure
Blood cholesterol
Diet

52
Q

What are the two nonspecific defence mechanisms

A

Physical barrier eg. Skin

Phagocytosis

53
Q

What are the specific defence mechanisms

A

Cell mediated response - t lymphocytes

Humoral response - b lymphocytes

54
Q

Explain the process of phagocytosis

A

Chemicals produce by pathogen attract phagocytes
Phagocytes attach them selves to the surface of the pathogen
They engulf the pathogen to form a vesicle known as a phagosome
Lysosomes move towards the vesicle and fuse with it
Enzymes with in the lysosomes break down the pathogen

55
Q

What is the response from t lymphocytes to infection from a pathogen

A

Pathogens invade body cells or are taken over by phagocytes
The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell surface membrane
Receptors on certain T helper cells fit exactly onto these antigens
This activates other T cells to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone

56
Q

What do cloned T cells do

A

Develop into memory cells that enable a rapid response to future infections from the same pathogen
Stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
Stimulate B cells to divide
Kill infected cells

57
Q

Plasma cells are what stage of immune response

A

Primary

58
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

Secrete antibodies directly to destroy the pathogen and the toxin it produces

59
Q

What stage of immune response are memory cells

A

Secondary

60
Q

What do memory cells do

A

Circulate in the blood and when they encounter the same pathogen at a later date they divide rapidly and develop in to plasma cells and more memory cells

61
Q

How do B cells carry out there role in immunity

A

The surface antigens of the invading pathogen are taken up by B cells
The B cells process the antigens and present them on their surfaces.
T helper cells attached to the processed antigens on the B cells thereby activating them
B cells activated divided by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells
The cloned plasma cells produce antibodies that are specific to the antigens on the pathogen
Antibodies attach to the pathogens antigens and destroy them
Some B cells develop into memory cells

62
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules or ions from a region with high concentration to region with low concentration

63
Q

The more negative the value for water potential the what?

A

The lower the water potential

64
Q

How are microvilli adapted for their function

A

Increase surface area for diffusion
Very thin walled
Able to move so help maintain gradient
Good blood supply

65
Q

When the internal intercostal muscles contract what happens

A

Expiration

66
Q

The contraction of the external intercostal muscles cause what

A

Inspiration

67
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

Pulmonary ventilation= tidal volume x ventilation rate

68
Q

What are the essential features of a gas exchange system

A 
Large Surface Area to volume ratio 
Very thin 
Partially permeable 
Movement of environmental medium 
Movement of internal medium
69
Q

What is the role of the alveoli in gas exchange

A

Red blood cells are slowed
Reduce diffusion distance as red blood cells are flattered against capillary wall
Thin walls reduce diffusion distance
Large surface area
Blood flow through capillaries maintains concentration gradient

70
Q

What are the symptoms of TB

A

Persistent cough
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Fever and coughing up of blood as disease develops

Biology (8 decks)

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