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Human biology > Unit 1/3- infectious disease > Flashcards

Unit 1/3- infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Eye piece lens x Objective lens

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2
Q

What are some of the risks of the cheek cell experiment?

A

Glass, disinfectant, stain, microscope, cotton bud

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3
Q

Describe the process of the cheek cell experiment

A

Sterile cotton bud inside cheek, smear over a slide, stain, cover slip at 90 degrees, under microscope

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4
Q

Give advantages of a light microscope

A

Portable, living or dead, inexpensive, simple sample preperation

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5
Q

Give disadvantages of a light microscope

A

Specifics cant be seen

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6
Q

Maximum magnification and resolution of a light microscope?

A

X2000 and 200nm

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7
Q

Slide prep process?

A

Sample on glass slide, methylene blue stain added, cover slip is put on at 90 degrees

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8
Q

What are the different types of electron microscope?

A

Transmisson em, scanning em

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9
Q

Disadvantages of an electron microscope?

A

Expensive, complex sample prep, vacuum required, dead

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9
Q

Advantages of an electron microscope?

A

High magnification and resolution, more can be seen

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10
Q

Maximum magnification and resolution?

A

Magnification- X500,00 Resolution- tem, 0.5nm. Sem, 3-1-nm

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11
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

A

Regulate transport, selectively permeable

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12
Q

Function of the cytoplasm?

A

Cell shape, store chemicals needed for metabolic reactions

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13
Q

Function of the nucelus?

A

Controls activity, genetic material chromatin and proteins

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14
Q

Function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesis RNA and ribosomes

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15
Q

Function of the RER?

A

Site of protein synthesis, transportation

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16
Q

Function of the SER?

A

Synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

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17
Q

Function of the golgi body?

A

Recieves proteins and modifies them

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18
Q

Function of the vesicles?

A

Transportation

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19
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Breaks down waste material

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20
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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21
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

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22
Q

Function of centrosomes?

A

Form spindle fibres during cell division

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23
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A

Instructions are transcribed from DNA to mRNA, mRNA leave the nucleus via pores, Vesicles transport to golgi body, modification, fusion with the cell surface membrane

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24
Q

Are pro or Euk small or big?

A

Pro- small euk- big

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25
Q

What are pro made up of?

A

Peptidoglycogen

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26
Q

What are euk made up of?

A

Cellulose

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27
Q

Are pro or Euk made up of membrane bound organelles?

A

Euk

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28
Q

Dna structure of pro?

A

Free floating

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29
Q

Dna structure of euk?

A

Held in the nucelus

30
Q

Size of ribosomes in euk?

31
Q

Size of ribosomes in pro?

32
Q

are chloroplasts present in pro or euk?

33
Q

Are mitrochondria present in pro or euk?

34
Q

are golgi, lysosomes, er present in pro or euk?

35
Q

are slime capsule of flagella present in pro or euk?

36
Q

is the cyptoplasm present in pro or euk?

37
Q

Describe some functions of neutrophils

A

Initial response to infection, phagocytosis, medidate inflamation

38
Q

Describe the functions of monocytes

A

Fighting infection, immune response regulation, wound healing

39
Q

Describe the functions of eosinophils

A

Protection against pathogens, allergic reactions, cell response

40
Q

Describe the functions of lymphocytes

A

Prodction of antibodies, immune response regulation, memory cells

41
Q

Describe the functions of basophils

A

Immune response, allergic reaction, blood flow

42
Q

Mast cells function?

A

alert system, allergic reaction, immune response

43
Q

Describe the first step in the process of phagocytosis

A

Detection- forgein antibodies bind to the receptors on the cell surface of phagocytes

44
Q

Describe the second step in the process of phagocytosis

A

Engulfing- phagocyte moves towards the pathogen. Cytoplasm surronds the pathogen and is engulfed. Sealed into a phagosome inside the cytoplasm

45
Q

Describe the third step in the process of phagocytosis

A

Lysosomes- contain proteolytic enzymes. Fuse with phagosome and release these enzymes, this breaks down the pathogen

46
Q

Describe how antibodies work

A

Produced by lympocytes, bind to antigens which contain pathogen and attack them

47
Q

Virus- what karyotic?

48
Q

Bacteria- what kayrotic?

A

Porkayrotic

49
Q

Fungi- what kayrotic?

A

Eukayrotic

50
Q

Protoctista- what kayrotic?

A

Eukayrotic

51
Q

Disease caused by viruses?

A

Common cold, flu, covid, hiv

52
Q

Disease caused by bacteria?

A

Salmonella, tb, ecoli, strep

53
Q

Disease caused by fungi?

A

Athletes foot

54
Q

Disease caused by protoctista?

55
Q

What are some methods of transmission?

A

Direct or social contact, airbone, contaminated food, bodily fluids

56
Q

Define the term endemic

A

When an infectious disease is always present in an area

57
Q

Define the term epidemic

A

A sudden outbreak of disease

58
Q

Define the term pandemic

A

If a disease spreads across a large area

59
Q

How can transmission be reduced?

A

Travel restrictions, PPE, immunisation

60
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

A drug doesnt have an affect on killing bacteria

61
Q

What causes antibiotic resistance?

A

Defnese, poor infection control, overuse, agriculture

62
Q

What are the problems with antibiotic resistance?

A

Difficulty treating, allergies to alternatives

63
Q

What are the problems with making new antibiotics?

A

Expensive, time consuming, high demand, waste, guidelines

64
Q

How can antibiotic resistance be reduced?

A

New antibiotics, only perscribing when needed, improved sanitsation, educating doctors

65
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Purple stain, peptidoglycon, periplasmic space, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, thick cell wall, penicillin kills

66
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Pink/red stain, lipopolysachoride outer membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycon, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

67
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Injecting a specific type of dead or weakened pathogen into someone.

68
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Injection stimulates immune response, memory cell production occurs

69
Q

What is active immunity?

A

The body makes its own antibodies

70
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Given ready made antibodies naturally

71
Q

Vaccination progamme in the uk?

A

Age appropriate, cares for the vunnerable

72
Q

What makes a vaccination programme sucessful?

A

If it creates herd immunity

Human biology (4 decks)

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