Cardiovascular and respiratory disease Flashcards
1
Q
What is the circulatory system made up of?
A
The heart, blood vessels and blood
2
Q
What is the function of the heart?
A
To pump blood continuously around the body
3
Q
What substances are transported in the blood?
A
Nutrients, glucose, amino acids, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea
4
Q
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
A
C6H1206 + 602 —-> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP
5
Q
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
A
Glucose + oxygen —-> Water + carbon dioxide + energy
6
Q
What is the need of ATP?
A
Cellular processes
7
Q
What is the need of oxygen?
A
Inhailed into the lungs and diffuses into our blood
8
Q
What is the need of glucose?
A
Absorbed by the small intestine
9
Q
What is the need of carbon dioxide?
A
Diffuses into the lungs and then exhaled
10
Q
What is a closed circulatory system?
A
The blood is pumped through vessels
11
Q
What are the names of the blood vessels in the body?
A
Arteries, veins, capillaries, arterioles, venules
12
Q
What is a double circulatory system?
A
Seperate lungs and body
13
Q
The left atrium- what and where?
A
Oxygenated blood to the left ventricle, upper left chamber
14
Q
The right atrium
A
Oxygen-poor blood to the right ventricle, top right chamber
15
Q
Tricuspid valve
A
controls blood flow from the right atrium to ventricle, located between the right atrium and ventricle
16
Q
Bicuspid valve
A
controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, located between the left ventricle to the aorta
17
Q
pulmonary artery
A
deoxygenated blood from the right side to the lungs, lower chest cavity
18
Q
pulmonary veins
A
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, between the lungs and the heart
19
Q
right ventricle
A
lungs to be oxygenated, lower right of the heart
20
Q
left ventricle
A
pumps oxygen rich blood out of the body, bottom left of the heart
21
Q
aorta
A
oxygen rich blood, nutrients and hormones, bottom left
22
Q
septum
A
oxygen rich blood separate to oxygen poor blood
23
Q
venae cavae
A
deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, right side
24
Q
percardium
A
positions and protects, surrounds the heart
25
what is the path of blood flow through the heart?
vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
26
what is stroke volume?
the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during each systolic cardial contraction
27
what is systole?
the phase of the heart beat where the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers to arteries
28
what is diastole?
the phase of the heart beat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
29
What is the route of blood flow through the pulmonary and systematic circulations?
Aorta, systemic arteries, capillaries, systemic veins, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
30
What is the definition and function of the arteries?
Muscular-walled tubes, carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
31
What is the definition and function of the arterioles?
A small branch of an artery leading into capillaries, maintains arterial pressure and tissue perfusion
32
What is the definition and function of the capillaries?
Branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules, exchanges materials between the blood and tissue
33
What is the definition and function of the venules?
A small vein that collects blood from capillaries, carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
34
What is the definition and function of the veins?
Tubes that form part of the blood circulation, carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
35
Where are valves located?
Veins
36
What is the outer layer of the blood vessel called?
Tunica externa
37
What is the middle layer of the blood vessel called?
Tunica media
38
What is the inner layer of the blood vessel called?
Tunica interna
39
What is blood plasma and what does it contain?
A straw coloured fluid, transports hormones, electrolytes, glucose, urea and amino acids
40
What is the function of red blood cells
Contains a pigment called Hamelin which binds oxygen to transport around the body
41
What is the function of white blood cells
Immune response, antibodies, engulf forgein bacteria
42
What is the function of platelets
Blood clotting
43
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure
44
What are risk factors of hypotension?
Pregnancy, medical conditions, medications, blood loss, dehydration
45
What are symptoms of hypotension
Lightheaded, dizzy, sick, blurry vision, confusion, fainting
46
What is hyper tension?
High blood pressure
47
What are the risk factors of hypertension?
Age, weight, lack of exercise, smoking, high salt diet
48
What are the symptoms of hypertension ?
Can contribute to CHD, COPD and strokes
49
What is coronary heart disease?
Caused by blockages in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. These blockages restrict blood flow to the heart
50
What are the risk factors of coronary heart disease?
Age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high levels of cholesterol
51
What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease?
Chest pain, heart attacks, heart failure
52
What is a stroke?
Caused by restricted blood flow to the brain, usually by a blood clot or a burst vessel
53
What are the risk factors of a stroke?
Smoking, hypertension, over weight, diabetes, high levels of cholesterol, alcohol intake
54
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Face dropping, slurred speech, paralysis, blurred vision, confusion, loss of consciousness
55
What is COPD?
A group of conditions that affect the lungs
56
What are the risk factors of COPD?
Smoking, exposure to fumes, exposure to dust, air pollution, genetic deficiencies of protein
57
What are the symptoms of COPD?
Breathlessness, chesty coughs, chest infections, wheezing
58
What is cardiovascular disease?
Diseases of the heart and circulation
59
What is atherosclerosis?
A narrowing of arteries as a result of cholesterol
60
What are the risk factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis?
Age, NHS health checks available
61
What is primary prevention?
The prevention of medical emergencies before they occur
62
What are primary prevention methods used for COPD?
More exercise, managing diet, reducing salt intake, reducing stress, reducing ready make meals, stop
, using medication, lower alcohol intake
63
What is intervention?
Immediate treatment
64
What are some intervention strategies for CVD?
Thrombolysis- medication to break up a blood clot, angioplasty- a wire is inserted into the blood vessel, bypass surgery- taking a healthy blood vessel usually from the leg and using it to bypass the blockage
65
What is secondary prevention?
Preventing the issue from happening again
66
What are some secondary prevention strategies
Stop smoking, improve diet, improve fitness, rehab programmes, medication
67
What is gaseous exchange?
Process of transferring gases between and organism and its environment
68
What is the function of the thorax?
The area of the body between the neck and abdomen
69
Intercostal muscles?
Muscles that are between the ribs
70
Diaphragm?
Separate the thorax from the abdomen
71
Pleural membrane?
A thin layer of white issue
72
Pleural fluid?
An accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space
73
Description of goblet cells
Epithelial cells that produce mucus to protect the body’s airways
74
Description of ciliated cells?
Hairlike projections that move particles out of the body
75
What are adaptations of the nasal passages?
Large SA, offactory nerve
76
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To close the windpipe when eating
77
What is the structure of the trachea?
16-20C shapes cartalige rings that are stacked on top of one another
78
Why is the blood needed?
It is needed as it contains oxygen and nutrients and it transports waste products
79
What is the composition of blood?
Plasma- 55%, white blood cells and platelets <1%, red blood cells 45%
80
What does the plasma contain?
Aminio acids, hormones and glucose dissolved
81
What is the function of the trachea?
To allow a passage of inspired air and expired air into and out of the lungs
82
What is the structure of the bronchi?
The main bronchi divide and branch off into smaller segments
83
What is the function of the bronchi?
To carry air into and from your lungs
84
How does the structure of the bronchioles different from the bronchi?
They contain alveoli
85
What are the alveloi?
Microscopic balloon-shaped structures located at the end of the respiratory tree
86
What is the function of the alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood
87
How are the alveoli adapted to their function?
Large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply, diffusion gradient
88
Explain inspiration
Intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves up and out, diaphragm contracts and moves down, increased volume in the chest cavity, pressure inside chest cavity decreases, air moves in down and into alevoli
89
Explain expiration
Intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves down and in, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, both of these actions decrease the volume in the chest cavity, pressure increases, air moves out of the lungs, elastic recoil of the alveoli assists
90
How are respiratory diseases treated medically?
Managing the symptoms, inhaled medication, oral meds, surgery
91
What lifestyle measures can be taken in treating respiratory meausre?
Exercise more, rehab classes, physiotherapy, stopping smoking
92
What are the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population?
People are now affected by a wider range of diseases, people tend to rely more on others, informal support can be hard to get, relying on health and social care services which take time to develop
93
How has society tried to reduce the impact of an ageing population?
Encouraging people to look after themselves in early life, health services try to understand the need of the elderly, leisure centers have free memberships for the older, promotion of walking, providing workouts with adaptations
