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Human biology > Cardiovascular and respiratory disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and respiratory disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

The heart, blood vessels and blood

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2
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood continuously around the body

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3
Q

What substances are transported in the blood?

A

Nutrients, glucose, amino acids, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea

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4
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 602 —-> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP

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5
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —-> Water + carbon dioxide + energy

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6
Q

What is the need of ATP?

A

Cellular processes

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7
Q

What is the need of oxygen?

A

Inhailed into the lungs and diffuses into our blood

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8
Q

What is the need of glucose?

A

Absorbed by the small intestine

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9
Q

What is the need of carbon dioxide?

A

Diffuses into the lungs and then exhaled

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10
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

The blood is pumped through vessels

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11
Q

What are the names of the blood vessels in the body?

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries, arterioles, venules

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12
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

Seperate lungs and body

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13
Q

The left atrium- what and where?

A

Oxygenated blood to the left ventricle, upper left chamber

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14
Q

The right atrium

A

Oxygen-poor blood to the right ventricle, top right chamber

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15
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

controls blood flow from the right atrium to ventricle, located between the right atrium and ventricle

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16
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, located between the left ventricle to the aorta

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17
Q

pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood from the right side to the lungs, lower chest cavity

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18
Q

pulmonary veins

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, between the lungs and the heart

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19
Q

right ventricle

A

lungs to be oxygenated, lower right of the heart

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20
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps oxygen rich blood out of the body, bottom left of the heart

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21
Q

aorta

A

oxygen rich blood, nutrients and hormones, bottom left

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22
Q

septum

A

oxygen rich blood separate to oxygen poor blood

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23
Q

venae cavae

A

deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, right side

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24
Q

percardium

A

positions and protects, surrounds the heart

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25
Q

what is the path of blood flow through the heart?

A

vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

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26
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during each systolic cardial contraction

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27
Q

what is systole?

A

the phase of the heart beat where the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers to arteries

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28
Q

what is diastole?

A

the phase of the heart beat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

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29
Q

What is the route of blood flow through the pulmonary and systematic circulations?

A

Aorta, systemic arteries, capillaries, systemic veins, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

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30
Q

What is the definition and function of the arteries?

A

Muscular-walled tubes, carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

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31
Q

What is the definition and function of the arterioles?

A

A small branch of an artery leading into capillaries, maintains arterial pressure and tissue perfusion

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32
Q

What is the definition and function of the capillaries?

A

Branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules, exchanges materials between the blood and tissue

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33
Q

What is the definition and function of the venules?

A

A small vein that collects blood from capillaries, carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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34
Q

What is the definition and function of the veins?

A

Tubes that form part of the blood circulation, carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

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35
Q

Where are valves located?

A

Veins

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36
Q

What is the outer layer of the blood vessel called?

A

Tunica externa

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37
Q

What is the middle layer of the blood vessel called?

A

Tunica media

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38
Q

What is the inner layer of the blood vessel called?

A

Tunica interna

39
Q

What is blood plasma and what does it contain?

A

A straw coloured fluid, transports hormones, electrolytes, glucose, urea and amino acids

40
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

Contains a pigment called Hamelin which binds oxygen to transport around the body

41
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

Immune response, antibodies, engulf forgein bacteria

42
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Blood clotting

43
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

44
Q

What are risk factors of hypotension?

A

Pregnancy, medical conditions, medications, blood loss, dehydration

45
Q

What are symptoms of hypotension

A

Lightheaded, dizzy, sick, blurry vision, confusion, fainting

46
Q

What is hyper tension?

A

High blood pressure

47
Q

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

A

Age, weight, lack of exercise, smoking, high salt diet

48
Q

What are the symptoms of hypertension ?

A

Can contribute to CHD, COPD and strokes

49
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Caused by blockages in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. These blockages restrict blood flow to the heart

50
Q

What are the risk factors of coronary heart disease?

A

Age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high levels of cholesterol

51
Q

What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease?

A

Chest pain, heart attacks, heart failure

52
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Caused by restricted blood flow to the brain, usually by a blood clot or a burst vessel

53
Q

What are the risk factors of a stroke?

A

Smoking, hypertension, over weight, diabetes, high levels of cholesterol, alcohol intake

54
Q

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

A

Face dropping, slurred speech, paralysis, blurred vision, confusion, loss of consciousness

55
Q

What is COPD?

A

A group of conditions that affect the lungs

56
Q

What are the risk factors of COPD?

A

Smoking, exposure to fumes, exposure to dust, air pollution, genetic deficiencies of protein

57
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?

A

Breathlessness, chesty coughs, chest infections, wheezing

58
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Diseases of the heart and circulation

59
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A narrowing of arteries as a result of cholesterol

60
Q

What are the risk factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis?

A

Age, NHS health checks available

61
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

The prevention of medical emergencies before they occur

62
Q

What are primary prevention methods used for COPD?

A

More exercise, managing diet, reducing salt intake, reducing stress, reducing ready make meals, stop
, using medication, lower alcohol intake

63
Q

What is intervention?

A

Immediate treatment

64
Q

What are some intervention strategies for CVD?

A

Thrombolysis- medication to break up a blood clot, angioplasty- a wire is inserted into the blood vessel, bypass surgery- taking a healthy blood vessel usually from the leg and using it to bypass the blockage

65
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Preventing the issue from happening again

66
Q

What are some secondary prevention strategies

A

Stop smoking, improve diet, improve fitness, rehab programmes, medication

67
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

Process of transferring gases between and organism and its environment

68
Q

What is the function of the thorax?

A

The area of the body between the neck and abdomen

69
Q

Intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles that are between the ribs

70
Q

Diaphragm?

A

Separate the thorax from the abdomen

71
Q

Pleural membrane?

A

A thin layer of white issue

72
Q

Pleural fluid?

A

An accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space

73
Q

Description of goblet cells

A

Epithelial cells that produce mucus to protect the body’s airways

74
Q

Description of ciliated cells?

A

Hairlike projections that move particles out of the body

75
Q

What are adaptations of the nasal passages?

A

Large SA, offactory nerve

76
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

To close the windpipe when eating

77
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

16-20C shapes cartalige rings that are stacked on top of one another

78
Q

Why is the blood needed?

A

It is needed as it contains oxygen and nutrients and it transports waste products

79
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Plasma- 55%, white blood cells and platelets <1%, red blood cells 45%

80
Q

What does the plasma contain?

A

Aminio acids, hormones and glucose dissolved

81
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

To allow a passage of inspired air and expired air into and out of the lungs

82
Q

What is the structure of the bronchi?

A

The main bronchi divide and branch off into smaller segments

83
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

To carry air into and from your lungs

84
Q

How does the structure of the bronchioles different from the bronchi?

A

They contain alveoli

85
Q

What are the alveloi?

A

Microscopic balloon-shaped structures located at the end of the respiratory tree

86
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood

87
Q

How are the alveoli adapted to their function?

A

Large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply, diffusion gradient

88
Q

Explain inspiration

A

Intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves up and out, diaphragm contracts and moves down, increased volume in the chest cavity, pressure inside chest cavity decreases, air moves in down and into alevoli

89
Q

Explain expiration

A

Intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves down and in, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, both of these actions decrease the volume in the chest cavity, pressure increases, air moves out of the lungs, elastic recoil of the alveoli assists

90
Q

How are respiratory diseases treated medically?

A

Managing the symptoms, inhaled medication, oral meds, surgery

91
Q

What lifestyle measures can be taken in treating respiratory meausre?

A

Exercise more, rehab classes, physiotherapy, stopping smoking

92
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population?

A

People are now affected by a wider range of diseases, people tend to rely more on others, informal support can be hard to get, relying on health and social care services which take time to develop

93
Q

How has society tried to reduce the impact of an ageing population?

A

Encouraging people to look after themselves in early life, health services try to understand the need of the elderly, leisure centers have free memberships for the older, promotion of walking, providing workouts with adaptations

Human biology (4 decks)

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