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AP Biology > Unit 1:2 Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1:2 Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances be chemical reactions.

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2
Q

How many elements are there?

How many elements are necessary for life?

A

About 123 naturally occurring elements.

About 25 essentials

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3
Q

What is an atom’s parts and their charges?

A

Proton - positive

Electron - negative

Neutron - neutral

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4
Q

What is an atomic number and what is atomic mass?

A

An atomic number is the number of protons, and is the same as the number of electrons.
Atomic mass is the number of protons plus the average number of rod neutrons in an atom.

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5
Q

What are isotopes and why are they important?

A

Isotopes are atoms with a differing number of neutrons.
They are important because some are radioactive.
Example: Uranium 235

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6
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Spontaneous decay of an atom, in which it gives of particles or energy.

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7
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has lost or gained electrons.

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8
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When an atom with an extra electron donates it to another electron and they are attracted to each other because of their charges.
Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond between atoms sharing electrons.
Example: oxygen gas

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10
Q

What is a polar vs an non-polar covalent bond?

A

A non-polar covalent bond shares the electrons equally. A polar covalent bond is when the electron is shared unequally.
Example: Water

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11
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of an atom in a bond for electrons.

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12
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

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13
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

It is a polar molecule
It forms hydrogen bonds
It has cohesion
Is has adhesion to polar substances
It has surface tension
It has a high specific heat
Ice is less dense than liquid water
It is a universal solvent

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14
Q

Solvent

Solute

Solution

A

A solvent is a dissolving agent

A solute is what is dissolved

A solution is both of them together

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15
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substances that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 0-7 on the ph scale

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16
Q

What is a hydroxyl group?

A

O-H
Polar, forms hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic

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17
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

-COOH
Acid, donates H+

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18
Q

What is an amino group?

A

-NH2
Base, picks up H+

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19
Q

What is a sulfhydryl group?

A

-SH
Two covalently bond to each other, stabilize proteins

20
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

PH2O4
Negative, base, releases energy when combined with water

21
Q

What is a methyl Group?

A

CH3
Hydrophobic, affects shape and function of proteins

22
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecule used to make polymers

23
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecule made of repeated monomers

24
Q

What is a Carbohydrate?

A

A monomer made of sugar

25
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The simplest form of sugar

26
Q

How do monosaccharides polymerize together?

A

Dehydration

27
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A molecule formed by 2 monosaccharides

28
Q

Glycogen, cellulose and starch are all examples of…

A

Polysaccharides

29
Q

Carbohydrates are used for…

A

Energy and structure

30
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Any hydrophobic bio molecule made of fatty acids

Examples: triglycerol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and sterols

31
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

Through chemicals they send each other, also called hormones.

32
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Padding, insulation and primarily energy storage

33
Q

What are proteins?

A

Large, complex molecules made of long chains of amino acids.

34
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Compounds that serve as building blocks for proteins.

35
Q

Amino acids are made of…

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur

36
Q

There are _ types of amino acids

A

20

37
Q

What is primary structure in proteins?

A

The order of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

38
Q

What is a polypeptide chain?

A

A sequence of amino acids

39
Q

What is secondary structure in proteins?

A

Coils and folds in the polypeptide chain resulting from hydrogen bonds.

40
Q

What types of secondary structures are there?

A

Alpha Helix - a coil

Beta Sheet - parallel strands forming a flat area

Random Coil - an unrepeated twist, loop or fold

41
Q

What is tertiary structure in proteins?

A

3d shape of a polypeptide chain resulting from interactions between amino acids R groups.

42
Q

What are the types of bonds in proteins?

A

Hydrophilic interactions - nonpolar R groups clumping together

Hydrogen Bonds - attraction between polar R groups

Ionic Bonds - bonds between + and - charged R groups

Disulfide bridge - covalent bond between 2 sulfhydryl R groups

43
Q

What is Quaternary structure in proteins?

A

Protein structure resulting from multiple polypeptide chains.

44
Q

_ determines function

A

Form

45
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid?

A

DNA and RNA.
Information carrying molecules with a sugar backbone, phosphate group and nucleotide base pairs

AP Biology (6 decks)

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