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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > UNIT 1,2&3 > Flashcards

UNIT 1,2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of Biology that deals with the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts.

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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2
Q

2 Goals of Physiology

A

Responses to stimuli
keeps internal balance (homeostasis)

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3
Q

•Examine the function of individual cells.
•Explores interactions between different organs to form organ systems.
•Focuses on understanding how specific organ works.
•Investigate the complex workings of the nervous system.
•Studies the E system and its hormones.

A

Cellular Physio
Systematic Physio
Organ Physio
NeuroPhysio
Endocrine Physio

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4
Q

•Examine mechanics of muscle contraction.
•Explore function of heart & blood vessels.
•Focuses on mechanics of breathing.
•Studies process of digestion.
•Examine function of kidneys.

A

Muscle Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Physiology
Digestive Physiology
Renal Physiology

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5
Q

•Investigate reproduction
•Compares Physiological processes
•Focuses on understanding how various physiological systems interact and collaborate
•Explore how organisms adapt to diff environments.

A

Reproductive Physiology
Comparative Physiology
Integrative Physiology
Environmental Physiology

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6
Q

Enumerate
Why Study Physiology?
8 Reasons

A

Medicine
Health and Wellness
Research
Education
Biotechnology and industry
Public Health
Sports & Exercise Science
Environmental Science

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7
Q

MEDICINE
• knowledge of physiological processes
to diagnose and treat diseases.
• Perform procedures
• guide medical professionals

A

Diagnosis and treatment
Surgical procedures
Patient care

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8
Q

HEALTH AND WELLNESS
• understanding phy. basis of Diseases. enables dev. of preventive measures.

A

Preventive care

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9
Q

RESEARCH
• Deeper unders. of diseases mechanisms.
• how drugs interact with the body.
• study specific processes in controlled environment.

A

Advancing medical knowledge
Drug development
Experimental studies

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10
Q

EDUCATION

  • needs strong understanding to provide high-quality Care
  • basic understanding of life process
A

Medical Training
BIOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

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11
Q

PUBLIC HEALTH
Study patterns of disease occurrence, transmission, etc.
inform health & regulations.

A

Epidemiology
Health Policy

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12
Q

SPORTS & EXERCISE SCIENCE
- optimize training programs.
- understand how body responds to exercise & injuries.

A

Perform Enhancement
injury recovery

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13
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Understand how org. adapt to envi. changes.

A

Adaptation

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14
Q

Enumerate
Name 6 levels of organization in living systems

A

Chemistry
Cell
Tissue
Organ level
Organ system
Organism

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15
Q

• Any living things
• Atom combine to form molecules
• composed of 2 or more tissues

A

Organism level
Chemical level
Organ level

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16
Q

• Molecules form organelles
• has 4 types

A

Cell level
Tissue level

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17
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial T.
Nervous T.
Muscular T.
Connective T.

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18
Q

Enumerate (or not)
What are the major organs?
11 types

A

Stomach
Lungs
Trachea
Brain
Thyroid Gland
Liver
Heart
Thymus
Urinary system
Gallbladder
Spleen

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19
Q

Enumerate (or not)
12 types of organ systems

A

Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary system
Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system

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20
Q

Ability to maintain a stable and relatively constant internal environment despite external changes.

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

Example of homeostasis

A

Temperature
Ph
Blood glucose levels

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22
Q

Red-eared slider turtle
Male ___°C below
Female ___ °C above
Between the _____° balance

A

28°
31°
28-31°

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23
Q

Macroclemys
Female __°C above
Male __°C between

A

28°
22-28°

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24
Q

Emys obicularis
Male __°C below
Female __°C above

A

25°
30°

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25
Q

KEY COMPONENTS
Ideal or optimal level of the variable
Human body temp 37°C ___

A

Set point
98.6°F

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26
Q

KEY COMPONENTS
- Has 2 types of negative and positive
- organs, tissues or cells that carry out the control centers command
- continuously monitor internal conditions
- Located in the brain

A

Feedback loops
Effectors
Sensor / Receptors
Control centers

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27
Q

Homeostasis maintained 2ru diff control system in our body.

A

Control system

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28
Q

Primary mechanism
Amplifying response to achieve specific outcome

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

A

Negative feedback loops
Positive feedback loops

Stimulation - dev of stimuli
Reception - control unit receives changes
Processing- the brain serves as the loop’s control unit
Counteract on the stimuli - control unit sends out signals

Stimulation - initiates the PFL in order to complete a process in the initial step
Reception - second step in the loop reception of stimuli
Processing - supplied control unit by the receptors
Stimuli. Activated even more

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29
Q

Enumerate (1-4)
Give importance of homeostasis

A

Balance & Stability
Optimal functioning
Protection against external factors
Prevention of diseases

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30
Q

Give an example of homeostasis in the human body

A

Maintain body temperature
Controlling blood pH
Regulates blood glucose levels

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31
Q

Give an example of temperature regulation

A

Sweat
Evaporative cooling
Drop in temperature

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32
Q

Water enters diffusion through the gills

A

Osmoregulation

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33
Q

Disruption to homeostasis
Hormonal imbalance
Extreme temperatures

A

Internal causes
External influences

34
Q

Enumerate 1-4
Give common homeostasis disorders

A

Diabetes
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism

35
Q

Enumerate scope of physiology
1-14

A

Cellular
Organ
Systematic
Neurophysiology
Endocrine
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Renal
Reproductive
Comparative
Integrative
Environmental

36
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY
- Design med. devices, prosthetics, etc.
- Develop effective drugs & therapies.

A

BIOMEDICAL ENG.
PHARMACEUTICAL

37
Q

Enumerate key components of homeostasis 1-5

A

Set point
Sensors or receptors
Control center
Effectors
Feedback loops

38
Q

Define (essay)
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary system
Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system

A
  • Provides protection (skin, hair)
  • Allows body movements (bones)
  • Maintains posture (muscles)
  • A major regulatory system detects sensation and control movements (brain, spinal cord)
  • influences metabolism (endocrine glands)
  • transport nutrients, waste product (heart, blood vessels, blood)
  • removes foreign substances from the blood (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes)
  • exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide (lungs, respiratory passages)
  • perform mechanical and chemical (mouth, esophagus)
  • removes waste product from the blood (kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters)
  • produce oocytes and the site of fertilization (ovaries)
  • produces and transfers sperm cells (testes, penis)
39
Q

Define (essay)organ level
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

A
  • How atoms interact and combine to form molecules
  • basic structure and functional units of organism
  • four types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
  • composed of two or more tissue
  • group of organs classified as a unit
  • organism in any living thing considered as a whole
40
Q

Define (essay)
Set point
Sensors or receptors
Control center
Effectors
Feedback loops

A
  • Specific set point for each regulated variable
  • continuously monitor internal conditions
  • receive and process information
  • Organ, tissue, cells carry out control centers command
  • self regulating mechanism
41
Q

Life form light
process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods.

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

42
Q

all life needs a constant input of energy.

A

ENERGY NEEDS LIFE

43
Q

___ gets their energy from ‘EATING OTHERS’.
consume ___ ___
consumers

A

HETEROTROPHS
ORGANIC MOLECULES

44
Q

___ gets their energy from ‘SELF’ ‘SUNLIGHT.’
uses light energy to synthesize __ __
producers

A

AUTOTROPHS
ORGANIC MOLECULES

45
Q

DIAGRAM OF ENERGY CYCLE

A

Sun > photosynthesis > glucose O2 > Cellular respiration ATP > CO2 H2O >photosynthesis

46
Q

___ Obtaining raw materials.
___ leaves “__”
___ stomates “___”
___ & ___ uptake from roots

A

PLANT STRUCTURE
SUNLIGHT - SOLAR COLLECTORS
CO2 - GAS EXCHANGE
H2O & NUTRIENTS

47
Q

Plants needs to?? (Give 2-3 reasons)

A

Collect & store light energy.
produce all organic molecules.
C, H, O, N, P, S

48
Q

___ double membrane, stoma, thylakoid sacks.
___ H+ gradient built up within thylakoid sac.
___ Green because they absorb light wavelengths.

A

CHLOROPLASTS
CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPLASTS

49
Q

___ dominant pigment

A

Chlorophyll

50
Q

PRE-17TH
noted that plants appeared to “eat” air and sunlight.

A

Greeks and
Egyptians.

51
Q

16TH
conducted experiments and concluded that water was the source of a plant’s increased mass.

A

Jan Baptista Van Helmont

52
Q

ENGLISH CHEMIST
conducted
experiments with a variety of gases, including “____” (now known as oxygen).

A

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY
dephlogisticated air

53
Q

____ is sheathed with an upper and lower epidermis. The exposed
surfaces of the epidermal cells are coated with a ____

A

leaf
cuticle

54
Q

photosynthetic tissues are located _____
and are consequently identified as mesophyll (____, middle; phyll, ___)
tissues.

A

between the two epidermal layers
meso
leaf

55
Q

upper photosynthetic tissue generally consists of ___ of ____ mesophyll cells.

A

one to three layers
palisade

56
Q

____ cells are elongated, cylindrical cells.

57
Q

Particles are called ___ are the smallest unit of ___.

A

photons
light

58
Q

light emitted from the sun contains photons in a
wide spectrum of wavelengths, called the ____.

A

electromagnetic spectrum

59
Q

Photosynthetic organisms use only a short portion of the electromagnetic spectrum called ____.

A

visible light

60
Q

Plants appear green because they reflect ___ wavelengths of
light.

A

yellow
and green

61
Q

__ wavelengths
are absorbed and provide the energy needed.

A

Red and blue

62
Q

___&___ are converted into ___&___, driven by the energy of sunlight captured by chlorophyll and other pigments.

A

Carbon dioxide and water
glucose and oxygen

63
Q

___ molecules are taken in from the surrounding environment.

A

6 CO2
(CARBON
DIOXIDE)

64
Q

__ released as a
byproduct of photosynthesis

A

6 O2
(OXYGEN)

65
Q

___ is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the
chloroplasts.​

A

6 H2O
(WATER)

66
Q

___ simple sugar, is the
primary product of photosynthesis

A

C6H12O6
(GLUCOSE)

67
Q

CHEMICAL FORMULA

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

68
Q

reactions
that synthesize glucose occurs in the ___.

69
Q

light
dependent
reactions occur in the ___.

A

thylakoids

70
Q

Uses chemical energy (NADPH & ATP) to reduce CO2 to build C6H12O6 (sugars)

A

CALVIN CYCLE

71
Q

Acts as light-gathering “___”
bulk of the chlorophyll in the photosystem functions

A

ATENNA COMPLEX
ATENNA CHLOROPHYLL

72
Q

Chlorophyll a
(P680)
Chlorophyll b
(P700)

A

PHOTOSYSTEM II
PHOTOSYSTEM 1

73
Q

Light reactions similar to ___ in cellular respiration

74
Q

The key to the photosynthetic electron transport chain

A

photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII)

75
Q

These two photosystems operate in series linked by a third multiprotein aggregate called the ___.

A

cytochrome complex

76
Q

The effect of the chain is to extract low-energy electrons, using light energy, raise the energy level ___.

77
Q

The association of chlorophyll with specific proteins
forms a number of different ___.

A

chlorophyll-protein (CP)
complexes.

78
Q

The ___ for photosystem II consists of two chlorophyll-proteins (CP) known as
_____.

A

core antenna
CP43 and CP47

79
Q

These two CP complexes each contain ____ of chlorophyll a.

A

20 to 25 molecules

80
Q

____ longest-wavelength, thus the lowest-energy-absorbing
chlorophyll in the complex.

A

energy sink

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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