Unit 1

Question 1

Methyl Groups Effect on Genes

Answer 1

Methyl groups (CH3) can attach to DNA, typically at cytosine bases, leading to gene silencing by preventing gene expression.

Question 2

Epigentic Therapy

Answer 2

A treatment approach that aims to alter epigenetic marks (like DNA methylation and histone modification) to correct gene expression patterns in diseases like cancer.

Question 3

Histones

Answer 3

Proteins around which DNA is wrapped. Modifications to histones can change gene accessibility and activity, influencing gene expression.

Question 4

Types of Epigentic Tags

Answer 4

Epigenetic tags include DNA methylation, histone modifications (like acetylation and methylation), and non-coding RNA molecules, all of which regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Question 5

Methylation

Answer 5

The addition of a methyl group to DNA or histones, typically leading to gene silencing or reduced gene expression.

Question 6

Acetylation

Answer 6

The addition of acetyl groups to histones, which relaxes the DNA structure, making genes more accessible for transcription and thus increasing gene expression.

Question 7

Methyl Groups

Answer 7

Small chemical groups (CH3) that can attach to DNA or histones and typically repress gene activity by altering chromatin structure.

Question 8

Acetyl Groups

Answer 8

Chemical groups (COCH3) that can be added to histones to loosen DNA wrapping, allowing gene expression to increase.

Question 9

Epigenome to Active VS Inactive Genes

Answer 9

The epigenome refers to chemical changes to DNA and histones that control whether genes are turned on (active) or off (inactive) without changing the underlying DNA sequence.

Question 10

GR Gene

Answer 10

(Glucocorticoid Receptor gene): This gene encodes a receptor for cortisol. Its expression is influenced by epigenetic modifications, affecting stress responses.

Question 11

GFP Gene Tightly Wound VS Loose

Answer 11

(Green Fluorescent Protein) tightly wound vs loose: When GFP gene DNA is tightly wound around histones (heterochromatin), it’s inactive. When loose (euchromatin), the gene is active and can be transcribed.

Question 12

Epigenome Relation to Protein Synthesis

Answer 12

The epigenome influences protein synthesis by regulating gene expression. Modifications to DNA and histones can either promote or inhibit the transcription of genes, ultimately affecting the proteins produced.

Question 13

Methyl Groups Attatch

Answer 13

Upstream of gene promoter

Question 14

Methyl Groups Effect Transcription

Answer 14

Methylation of DNA typically represses gene transcription by making the DNA more compact and inaccessible to the transcription machinery.

Question 15

Acetyl Groups Effect Gene Expression

Answer 15

Acetyl groups are added to histones, causing histones to loosen their grip on DNA. This makes the DNA more accessible and promotes gene expression.

Question 16

Acetyl Groups Attatch

Answer 16

Acetyl groups are added to the lysine residues of histones, leading to a relaxed chromatin structure and increased gene expression.

Question 17

Histones to Epignetics

Answer 17

Histones are proteins around which DNA is wrapped. Modifications to histones (e.g., acetylation, methylation) can influence how tightly or loosely the DNA is wound, affecting gene expression.

Question 18

Methyl VS. Acetyl on DNA/Histones to Chase Change

Answer 18

Methyl groups add to DNA or histones and typically repress gene expression by tightening DNA packaging. Acetyl groups, added to histones, loosen DNA wrapping, making it more accessible for transcription and increasing gene expression.

Question 19

Acetyl Increase in Relation to mRNA Production

Answer 19

Increased acetylation of histones generally leads to increased mRNA production as it makes DNA more accessible for transcription.

Question 20

Types of Stem Cells

Answer 20

The main types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.

Question 21

Embryonic Stem Cells

Answer 21

These are pluripotent stem cells derived from the early-stage embryo. They can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.

Question 22

Pluripotent

Answer 22

Pluripotent cells can differentiate into all cell types of the body, except for extra-embryonic tissues like the placenta.

Question 23

Adult Stem Cells

Answer 23

These are multipotent stem cells found in various tissues in the body. They can differentiate into a limited range of cell types related to the tissue from which they are derived.

Question 24

Multipotent

Answer 24

Multipotent cells can differentiate into a limited number of cell types, typically related to the tissue or organ from which they originate.

Question 25

Advantages and Disadvantages of Adult Stem Cells

Answer 25

Advantages: They are less likely to cause immune rejection since they come from the patient’s own body. They are also ethically less controversial than embryonic stem cells. Disadvantages: They are more limited in the types of cells they can become and are harder to isolate in large numbers.

Question 26

iPS Cells

Answer 26

These are adult cells that have been reprogrammed to become pluripotent. They can differentiate into nearly any cell type.

Question 27

Advantages and Disadvantages of iPS Cells

Answer 27

Advantages: They are less ethically controversial because they don't require embryos, and they can be made from a patient’s own cells, reducing immune rejection. Disadvantages: The reprogramming process can sometimes result in genetic mutations, and the risk of tumor formation is a concern.

Question 28

Undifferentiated

Answer 28

Cells that have not yet specialized into a specific cell type. They can develop into various types of cells depending on their environment and signals.

Question 29

Potential of Multipotent and Pluripotent Cells

Answer 29

Multipotent cells can differentiate into a limited range of related cell types (e.g., adult stem cells). Pluripotent cells can differentiate into nearly all cell types of the body (e.g., embryonic stem cells, iPS cells).

Question 30

Advantages VS Disadvantages of Multipotent and Pluripotent Cells

Answer 30

Multipotent: Advantages: Lower risk of tumor formation, less ethical controversy, and less immune rejection. Disadvantages: Limited in the types of cells they can become. Pluripotent: Advantages: Can become any cell type, offering broader research and therapeutic potential. Disadvantages: Higher risk of tumor formation, ethical concerns, and difficulty in obtaining.

Question 31

Levels of Understandings of Multipotent and Pluripotent Cells

Answer 31

Multipotent cells are better understood because they have been studied for longer, particularly in tissue regeneration. Pluripotent cells are still under intense research for their ability to differentiate into almost any cell type, but there are more complexities regarding their safe use and behavior.

Question 32

Type of Researcher That Uses Blastocysts

Answer 32

Research on embryonic stem cells, developmental biology, early human development, and regenerative medicine often uses blastocysts.

Question 33

Model Organisms Used to Study

Answer 33

Model organisms are used to study genetics, developmental biology, disease mechanisms, drug testing, and physiological processes that are similar to humans or other organisms.

Question 34

Commonly Used Model Organisms

Answer 34

Plant: Arabidopsis thaliana Invertebrate: Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) Vertebrate: Mus musculus (mouse) Prokaryote: Escherichia coli (bacterium) Eukaryote: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)

Question 35

Characteristics of Planaria That Make Them Ideal Model Organisms

Answer 35

Planaria have remarkable regenerative abilities, allowing them to regrow entire body parts, making them ideal for studying regeneration and stem cell biology.

Question 36

Planaria Husbandry

Answer 36

Planaria are kept in clean, aquatic environments with a controlled temperature. They are typically fed small pieces of food like liver or other organic matter.

Question 37

Characteristics of Fruit Flies That Make Them Ideal Model Organisms

Answer 37

Fruit flies are small, reproduce quickly, have a well-mapped genome, and are easy to manipulate genetically, making them ideal for genetic research.

Question 38

Male VS Female Fruit Fly and Identifying

Answer 38

Males are smaller, have darker coloration on their abdomen, and possess a rounded abdomen. Females are larger, with a more pointed abdomen and a lighter, striped pattern on their abdomen. They also have a broader body compared to males.

Question 39

Transgenic

Answer 39

An organism that has been genetically modified to contain genes from another species, allowing for the expression of new traits.

Question 40

Bioremeditation

Answer 40

The use of living organisms, often microorganisms, to remove or neutralize pollutants from the environment, such as oil spills or contaminated water.

Question 41

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 41

A set of techniques used to combine DNA from different sources, creating new genetic combinations that are valuable in medicine, agriculture, and research.

Question 42

Cloning Vector

Answer 42

A small DNA molecule used in genetic engineering to carry foreign DNA into a host cell, allowing the foreign DNA to be replicated or expressed.

Question 43

Plasmid

Answer 43

A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can carry foreign genes and replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. Plasmids are commonly used as cloning vectors in molecular biology.

Question 44

Examples of Vectors

Answer 44

Plasmids, bacteriophages, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), and viral vectors are commonly used to transfer genes into cells.

Question 45

Many Body Sections of a Journal Article

Answer 45

Introduction Methods Results Discussion

Question 46

Title

Answer 46

Title Authors Address

Question 47

Header VS Title

Answer 47

Header has shortened version of title and page numbers

Question 48

Address

Answer 48

Below authors Lab experiment took place

Question 49

Author Order

Answer 49

Lead author first and principle investigator last

Question 50

Abstract

Answer 50

Concise summary of the key points of your research Overview of: Justification Research Topic/Question/ hypothesis Methods Results Data Analysis Conclusions and a List of Key Words at bottom

Question 51

Intro

Answer 51

Full, ORGANIZED, overview of your topic and review of the literature. Restate research question Justification of research Background Overview of methods not step by step

Question 52

Results

Answer 52

Start with overview What was your assay? Qualitative or quantitative? Do NOT include data of planaria that did not survive. Save for discussion.

Question 53

Captioning Photos

Answer 53

describe the image in detail, be in complete sentences, and be referenced in the text. Cite all images not generated by the authors. picture, graph, table

Question 54

In Text Citation Paragraphs

Answer 54

Introduction, methods, discussion

Question 55

Formatting References

Answer 55

Last name and first/middle initials for all authors up to and including 20 authors. Separate each author’s initials from the next author with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order from earliest to most recent. Year only unless news article Jounral name out fully Italicize title, journal article and volume Group and author become same Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Question 56

Formatting In Text Citations

Answer 56

(Last name, Year) If there is not author use the first part of the reference (organization, year) or (title, year) No Author Initials are included No Month/Day is included And with two authors Three or more authors is followed by et al.

Question 57

crapoli

Question 58

crapinski