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Biotechnology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

SDS

A

Safety Data Sheet, communicates hazards of chemical products

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2
Q

Proved DNA is the Model of Heredity

A

Hershey and Chase in 1953

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3
Q

99.9% of our Genome

A

Is the same from person to person

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4
Q

Polymorphism

A

DNA sequence that is highly variable from person to person

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5
Q

PPE in Different BSL’s

A

1) Gloves, goggles, lab coat, hair up, working on open bench
2) Lab coat that does not leave facility, working in BSC
3) Breathe filtered air
4) Wear pressurized suits and breathe filtered air from a different room

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6
Q

BSL Requirements and Organisms

A

1) Basic rules, not known to cause diseases
2) Restricted access and training required, small to moderate risk
3/4) Very extensive rules and training, pathogens known to kill people

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7
Q

SDS Diamond Numbers

A

Left blue box - health hazard
Top red box - flammability
Right yellow box - instability hazard
Bottom white box - specific hazard

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8
Q

Consequences of Violating Safety Rules

A

Injury, grade, no more labs, school discipline

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9
Q

Why Not to Blow Out a Micropipette When Measuring

A

Pushes out all liquid

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10
Q

How Far Into the Liquid Do You Put the Micropipette Tip

A

Just enough, not all the way to the bottom/immersed but in the liquid

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11
Q

Three Ways to Improve Accuracy of Micropipetting

A

1) Hold the liquid at eye level
2) Don’t include air bubbles
3) Use the most specific micropipette

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12
Q

Conversions

A

1 L = 1,000 mL
1 mL = 1,000 uL
1 L = 1,000,000 uL

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13
Q

Most Common Sources of Contamination

A

Dust, the bench top, the air, and people

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14
Q

Two Reasons to Follow Sterile Procedures

A

1) Prevent contaminants from entering a culture
2) Preventing contaminants from causing effects to humans in the lab or escaping

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15
Q

Aseptic

A

Preventing infection

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16
Q

Autoclave

A

Use high temperature and high pressure to kill organisms

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17
Q

Types of Disinfectants

A

Bleach, alcohol (95% or 70%), hand sanitizer, Lysol

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18
Q

Another Option for an Autoclave

A

Pressure cooker, glass bead sterilization, idk

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19
Q

Original Key DNA Experiments

A

Meischner discovered DNA, Garrod discovered link between proteins and heredity

20
Q

DNA Not Protein Experiment

A

Hershey and Chase grew bacteriophages with radioactive phosphorous (DNA), and radioactive sulphur (protein but NOT DNA)

21
Q

Why Protein was Thought of heredity Before DNA

A

More complex than DNA (proteins have 20 different types of amino acids, four levels of folding and DNA has four different types of nucleotides), proteins were associated with genetic disease.

22
Q

Three Parts of DNA

A

1) Deoxyribose/five carbon sugar
2) Phosphate group
3) Nitrogenous base

23
Q

Sugar in RNA VS DNA

A

Ribose VS deoxyribose

24
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A = T, C = G

25
Q

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

A

Joins together nucleotides in a DNA sequence, determines direction

26
Q

Determining Direction of DNA

A

Leading strand is 5 prime to 3 prime, found by phosphate is 5 prime

27
Q

How Did Watson and Crick Find Structure of DNA

A

Not officially working on DNA, used tin models of DNA to show location of bonds, given photo 51, got it wrong (inside out), found that hydrophobic bases on inside and hydrophilic sugar/phosphates on outside

28
Q

Key People in Watson and Crick Discovery

A

Wilkins and Franklin helped with X-Ray crystallography, famous photo 51, and double helix

29
Q

Type of Bonds in Nitrogen Base Pairs

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

30
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of nucleic acids

31
Q

Pyrimidine VS Purine

A

One carbon nitrogen ring VS two carbon nitrogen rings, T and C VS A and G

32
Q

Why Does One Pyrimidine Bond with One Purine

A

Structure of purines allows to make hydrogen bonds with pyrimidines, adenine bonds with thymine because both have two binding sites so double hydrogen bonds

33
Q

DNA Profiling

A

Comparing DNA to establish or rule out identity, relationships, or ancestry

34
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Cut DNA, found naturally in bacteria

35
Q

Why Bacterial DNA is Not Cut With Their Own Restriction Enzymes

A

Protective methyl groups (such as CH3) protect bacterial DNA from the enzymes

36
Q

Why Incubate During the Outbreak Lab at 37 Degrees Celsius

A

Restriction digest occurs with these enzymes at this point

37
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Uses electricity to separate DNA fragments by size as they migrate through a gel matrix

38
Q

Overall Charge of DNA

A

Negative

39
Q

Differences in Bands of DNA

A

Protein contamination can cause wider, brighter bands with a strong, smeared tail

40
Q

Amount of Polymorphic Regions FBI uses in DNA Profiles

A

13

41
Q

How Likely is it Two People Have the Same DNA Profile

A

Less than one in one hundred billion

42
Q

Why Did You Make a 1% Agarose Gel in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

A

A gel with a lower percentage of agarose will have larger pores

43
Q

Why Did You Add a Running Buffer in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

A

To conduct the electricity through the solution and gel so that the DNA, RNA, or proteins can migrate through the gel

44
Q

How Much Voltage Did You Use in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

A

45 V

45
Q

What Would Have Happened if You Used a Higher Electricity in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

A

1) Faster results
2) Higher heat/melt the gel
3) Fragments can be distorted

Biotechnology (2 decks)

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