Unit 1

Question 1

SDS

Answer 1

Safety Data Sheet, communicates hazards of chemical products

Question 2

Proved DNA is the Model of Heredity

Answer 2

Hershey and Chase in 1953

Question 3

99.9% of our Genome

Answer 3

Is the same from person to person

Question 4

Polymorphism

Answer 4

DNA sequence that is highly variable from person to person

Question 5

PPE in Different BSL’s

Answer 5

1) Gloves, goggles, lab coat, hair up, working on open bench
2) Lab coat that does not leave facility, working in BSC
3) Breathe filtered air
4) Wear pressurized suits and breathe filtered air from a different room

Question 6

BSL Requirements and Organisms

Answer 6

1) Basic rules, not known to cause diseases
2) Restricted access and training required, small to moderate risk
3/4) Very extensive rules and training, pathogens known to kill people

Question 7

SDS Diamond Numbers

Answer 7

Left blue box - health hazard
Top red box - flammability
Right yellow box - instability hazard
Bottom white box - specific hazard

Question 8

Consequences of Violating Safety Rules

Answer 8

Injury, grade, no more labs, school discipline

Question 9

Why Not to Blow Out a Micropipette When Measuring

Answer 9

Pushes out all liquid

Question 10

How Far Into the Liquid Do You Put the Micropipette Tip

Answer 10

Just enough, not all the way to the bottom/immersed but in the liquid

Question 11

Three Ways to Improve Accuracy of Micropipetting

Answer 11

1) Hold the liquid at eye level
2) Don’t include air bubbles
3) Use the most specific micropipette

Question 12

Conversions

Answer 12

1 L = 1,000 mL
1 mL = 1,000 uL
1 L = 1,000,000 uL

Question 13

Most Common Sources of Contamination

Answer 13

Dust, the bench top, the air, and people

Question 14

Two Reasons to Follow Sterile Procedures

Answer 14

1) Prevent contaminants from entering a culture
2) Preventing contaminants from causing effects to humans in the lab or escaping

Question 15

Aseptic

Answer 15

Preventing infection

Question 16

Autoclave

Answer 16

Use high temperature and high pressure to kill organisms

Question 17

Types of Disinfectants

Answer 17

Bleach, alcohol (95% or 70%), hand sanitizer, Lysol

Question 18

Another Option for an Autoclave

Answer 18

Pressure cooker, glass bead sterilization, idk

Question 19

Original Key DNA Experiments

Answer 19

Meischner discovered DNA, Garrod discovered link between proteins and heredity

Question 20

DNA Not Protein Experiment

Answer 20

Hershey and Chase grew bacteriophages with radioactive phosphorous (DNA), and radioactive sulphur (protein but NOT DNA)

Question 21

Why Protein was Thought of heredity Before DNA

Answer 21

More complex than DNA (proteins have 20 different types of amino acids, four levels of folding and DNA has four different types of nucleotides), proteins were associated with genetic disease.

Question 22

Three Parts of DNA

Answer 22

1) Deoxyribose/five carbon sugar
2) Phosphate group
3) Nitrogenous base

Question 23

Sugar in RNA VS DNA

Answer 23

Ribose VS deoxyribose

Question 24

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 24

A = T, C = G

Question 25

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

Answer 25

Joins together nucleotides in a DNA sequence, determines direction

Question 26

Determining Direction of DNA

Answer 26

Leading strand is 5 prime to 3 prime, found by phosphate is 5 prime

Question 27

How Did Watson and Crick Find Structure of DNA

Answer 27

Not officially working on DNA, used tin models of DNA to show location of bonds, given photo 51, got it wrong (inside out), found that hydrophobic bases on inside and hydrophilic sugar/phosphates on outside

Question 28

Key People in Watson and Crick Discovery

Answer 28

Wilkins and Franklin helped with X-Ray crystallography, famous photo 51, and double helix

Question 29

Type of Bonds in Nitrogen Base Pairs

Answer 29

Weak hydrogen bonds

Question 30

Nucleotide

Answer 30

Building block of nucleic acids

Question 31

Pyrimidine VS Purine

Answer 31

One carbon nitrogen ring VS two carbon nitrogen rings, T and C VS A and G

Question 32

Why Does One Pyrimidine Bond with One Purine

Answer 32

Structure of purines allows to make hydrogen bonds with pyrimidines, adenine bonds with thymine because both have two binding sites so double hydrogen bonds

Question 33

DNA Profiling

Answer 33

Comparing DNA to establish or rule out identity, relationships, or ancestry

Question 34

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 34

Cut DNA, found naturally in bacteria

Question 35

Why Bacterial DNA is Not Cut With Their Own Restriction Enzymes

Answer 35

Protective methyl groups (such as CH3) protect bacterial DNA from the enzymes

Question 36

Why Incubate During the Outbreak Lab at 37 Degrees Celsius

Answer 36

Restriction digest occurs with these enzymes at this point

Question 37

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 37

Uses electricity to separate DNA fragments by size as they migrate through a gel matrix

Question 38

Overall Charge of DNA

Answer 38

Negative

Question 39

Differences in Bands of DNA

Answer 39

Protein contamination can cause wider, brighter bands with a strong, smeared tail

Question 40

Amount of Polymorphic Regions FBI uses in DNA Profiles

Answer 40

13

Question 41

How Likely is it Two People Have the Same DNA Profile

Answer 41

Less than one in one hundred billion

Question 42

Why Did You Make a 1% Agarose Gel in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

Answer 42

A gel with a lower percentage of agarose will have larger pores

Question 43

Why Did You Add a Running Buffer in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

Answer 43

To conduct the electricity through the solution and gel so that the DNA, RNA, or proteins can migrate through the gel

Question 44

How Much Voltage Did You Use in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

Answer 44

45 V

Question 45

What Would Have Happened if You Used a Higher Electricity in the DIY Gel Electrophoresis Lab

Answer 45

1) Faster results 2) Higher heat/melt the gel 3) Fragments can be distorted