Unit 1 Flashcards
If a scientific article is peer-reviewed, I can always trust the findings.
false
why If a scientific article is peer-reviewed, can you not always trust the findings.
This is because research isn’t objective, researchers are incentivized and studies can be biased or of poor quality
You cannot blindly trust scientific articles, even if they are peer-reviewed, because
Researchers are inherently incentivized to publish scientific articles
Published studies can be of poor quality
Research is not always objective
Published studies can be biased
what are the major types of bias in contemporary science
sex, results & publication bias
what is contemporary science
science that is modern and up to date
why do researchers use p value
helps to determine if any differences are found between two groups and if they are due to random chance, sampling error or the actual thing we are testing for
p value doesn’t indicate probability that the hypothesis being tested is true
true
Researchers can design their study to produce very low p-values while ignoring well-grounded scientific reasoning
true
what are the sections of an article
title/authors
abstract
introduction
methods
results
discussion
conclusion
references
Accurately reflects content and scope of the research and names and affiliations provide insight into their experience and potential biases or conflicts of interests
title/authors
what to look for in the title/authors
Look for if the title is clear & informative and do the authors have the necessary background and qualifications to conduct the study
Should offer a succinct summary of the study - includes purpose, methodology, key results & conclusions
abstract
what to look for in the abstract
Look for if it is clear and concise and reflects the main aspects of the paper and does it provide a coherent overview that aligns with the content in the full article
Summarizes in an easy-to-understand format
abstract
sets the stage for research study, outlines issues under investigation, review relevant literature and states the study’s objectives/hypothesis
introduction
introduction is formulated using
deductive reasoning
what is deductive reasoning
the logical process of developing specific hypotheses based on general principles
what to look for in the introduction
Look for if it establishes the significance of research, clearly states the research question and if it reviews literature supporting the rationale for the study
provides details regarding the study design & includes study design, participants, procedures, study outcomes, instrumentation & data analysis
methods
what to look for in methods
Look for if the methodology is appropriate and rigor, assesses sample size and selection, validity and reliability of measurement tools
objectively presents the findings using tables, figures and statistical analysis without interpretation
results
what to look for in results
Look for clarity in presentation of results, appropriateness of statistical analyses and if it supports the conclusions drawn
interpretation of the findings and links back to research questions
This is what we knew before the study and this is what our study adds to the knowledge-base
discussion
discussion is formulated by using
inductive reasoning
what is inductive reasoning
logical process of developing generalizations based on specific observations
what to look for in discussions
Look for if it addresses the study’s findings, limitations and implications logically and thoughtfully and does it situate the study within the broader context of existing research
summarizes the main findings, their relevance and potential implications/applications without introducing new data
conclusion
what to look for in conclusions
Look for if it expresses the study’s key findings and their significance and check for over-generalizations or unfounded claims
what are the most important sections
Methods & results - determines if you should trust the study findings
validity
it is testing what it is meant to be testing
Nullius in verba
don’t take anyones word for it
Ceteris paribus
all other things being equal
Ceteris paribus
false
The authors of a research article have found that their newly devised intervention reduces healing time by 50% compared to the standard intervention. In their Discussion, they recommend the use of their new intervention for patients who fall within their sample parameters. This is an example of:
Internal validity
Power
Inductive reasoning
The validity of measures
inductive reasoning
In my research manuscript, I have discussed how I arrived at my research question, providing a foundation based on previous research. In which section is this most likely to appear?
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Evidence-based medicine
intro
Based on a review of extant evidence, researchers develop and justify hypotheses in their Introduction to a research manuscript. This is an example of:
Internal validity
Deductive reasoning
External validity
Internal consistency
deductive reasoning
In which section of a manuscript will I find tables, figures and results of statistical analyses?
Results
Introduction
Discussion
References
results
My comments on how the results of my current research relate to what was known before my study was done would probably appear in the _____________ section of a manuscript.
Reference
Discussion
Introduction
Methods
discussion
If I were interested in examining the appropriateness and rigor of a study’s design, I would focus on the:
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
methodology
Based on the instructors’ perspective, which are the two most important sections of a research manuscript?
Introduction and Discussion
Methods and Results
Introduction and Methods
Introduction and Conclusion
Methods and Results
The phrase, “Nullius in verba,” means:
All things being equal
Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact.
Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.
It is done.
Don’t take anyone’s word for it
Don’t take anyone’s word for it
Which section of a journal article will allow you to assess the overall quality of the study and determine whether or not you can trust the findings of the study?
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Discussion
methods
The title should be concise yet descriptive, accurately reflecting the content and scope of the research. The title should be clear and informative. For example, based on the title, “pertubation-based training targeting both slip and trip induced falls among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. what do you think the intervention of interest is for this study?
Perturbation-based balance training
Trip-induced falls
Older adults
Slip-induced falls
Perturbation-based balance training
What is the name of the journal this article was published in?
Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML. Perturbation-based balance training targeting both slip- and trip-induced falls among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jun 12;20(1):205.
BMC Open Access
Nature
Randomized Controlled Trial
BMC Geriatrics
BMC Geriatrics
who are the authors? Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML. Perturbation-based balance training targeting both slip- and trip-induced falls among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jun 12;20(1):205.
Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML.
how many authors are in the article Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML.
7
who is a corresponding author
the primary or senior investigator and typically serves as the primary contact for any questions related to the article
area where you will find a concise summary of the main aspects of the paper, such as the purpose, methods, results, conclusions, and keywords
abstract
This section should set the stage for the study including outlining the problem, reviewing relevant literature, and stating the study’s purpose, aims, and/or hypotheses
introduction
detail the study’s design, participant selection, data collection methods, and analysis procedures
methods
objectively present the findings, often using tables, figures, and statistical analyses, without interpretation
results
interprets the results, linking them back to the research questions and comparing them with existing literature
discussion
summarize the main findings, their relevance, and potential implications or applications, without introducing new data
conclusion
lists all sources cited in the article, demonstrating the research foundation and situating the study within the academic field
references
The title should be concise yet descriptive, accurately reflecting the content and scope of the research. The title should be clear and informative. For example, based on the title, “virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial” what do you think the intervention of interest is for this study?
Tinnitus
Usual care
Virtual reality
Audiogram
virtaul reality
What is the name of the journal of article was published in? Deshpande AK, Bhatt I, Rojanaworarit C. Virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Audiol. 2022;61(10):868-875.
International Journal of Audiology
The International Audiology Society
The journal name is not provided
Nordic Audiology Society
International Journal of Audiology
How many authors are associated with the article? Deshpande AK, Bhatt I, Rojanaworarit C. Virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Audiol. 2022;61(10):868-875.
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