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PSYC 363 - Developmental Lab > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of importance for the sources of knowledge for science?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Logic
  3. Intuition
  4. Authority
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2
Q

Psychological research aims to understand, explain, and predict behavior/thought through _______________.

A

observation

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3
Q

States that things have systematic causes and science looks for relationships between things.

A

Determinism

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4
Q

Refers to the fact that we interpret things in causal terms.

A

Natural Bias

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5
Q

States that empirical evidence drives theories and conclusions.

A

Empiricism

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6
Q

According to empiricism, theories are (and should be) revised based on _____________.

A

observations

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7
Q

Science values __________ observation.

A

objective

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8
Q

___________ observation is affected by personal experiences, opinions, etc.

A

Subjective

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9
Q

____________ observation is NOT influenced by personal experiences, feelings, etc.

A

Objective

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10
Q

Complete objectivity is not possible, but researchers strive to eliminate __________ and account for them when reporting.

A

biases

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11
Q

States that good theories are testable and can potentially be proven wrong.

A

Testability/Falsifiability

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12
Q

In order for a theory to be testable it must be ____________.

A

measurable

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13
Q

According to ___________, a good theory has fewer assumptions and uses simplicity to explain a concept.

A

Parsimony

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14
Q

The study of how people change physically, emotionally/socially, and cognitively through observation.

A

Developmental Research

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15
Q

Scientists are critical of ___________ and blind acceptance of ____________.

A

intuition, authority

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16
Q

Scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of __________ and results from scientific investigations.

A

logic

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17
Q

Scientists conduct ___________ investigations.

A

naturalistic

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18
Q

Scientific knowledge is _______, meaning there is always room for improvement and a possibility that theory is false.

A

tentative

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19
Q

__________ are the facts, and __________ are how we interpret the facts.

A

Observations, inferences

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20
Q

Refers to the fact that people tend to highlight evidence that supports their beliefs and ignore alternatives.

A

Confirmation Bias

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21
Q

During hypothesis testing, ___________ is used to formulate general statements on specific incidents.

A

Induction

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22
Q

Searching for confirmation to prove ourselves right

A

Positive Test Bias

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23
Q

Definition of a theoretical construct or concept stated in concrete/observable terms.

A

Operational Definition

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24
Q

________ should be clear, objective, practical, and repeatable.

A

Measurement

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25
Q

Event, situation, or behavior that varies

A

variables

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26
Q

What are the three main kinds of variables?

A

IV, DV, Subject

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27
Q

Variables that researchers control

A

Independent variables

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28
Q

The responses of behaviors of individuals

A

Dependent or outcome variables

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29
Q

The individual differences in participants

A

subject variables

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30
Q

Categories cannot be arranged in any order from least to greatest

A

Nominal scale

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31
Q

Categories have a quantitative meaning, but spacing is consistent.

A

Ordinal scale

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32
Q

The spacing between values is proportional but there is no true zero

A

interval scale

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33
Q

an interval scale with a true zero point

A

ratio scale

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34
Q

Statistical analyses are chosen depending on the kind of ________.

A

scale

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35
Q

Different participants for each level of IV

A

Between-Subjects Design

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36
Q

Same participants do both levels of IV

A

Within-Subject Design

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37
Q

Differences in the scores on the DV

A

Variance

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38
Q

Differences in the DV that are caused by the IV in the study

A

Primary variance

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39
Q

Differences in the DV that are caused by anything else

A

Secondary Variance

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40
Q

A variable that is systematically related to both the IV and DV; impairs ability to establish causal explanation between variables of interest

A

Confounding Variable

41
Q

Observe the same individual as they develop

A

Longitudinal study

42
Q

Observe individuals who are different ages to compare age groups

A

Cross sectional study

43
Q

Losing participants during the study

A

Selective dropout (attrition)

44
Q

Study people who are the same age at different points in “history”

A

time-lag design

45
Q

Selecting participants for a research study

46
Q

All individuals in a population have an equal probability of being sample

A

Simple random sample

47
Q

Divide population into strata and random sample within each group

A

Stratified random sample

48
Q

Convenience sampling does not specify the probability that any member of the population will be in the sample

A

nonprobability sampling

49
Q

Most common sampling method

A

convenience sample

50
Q

Has a study demonstrated what it claims to demonstrate?

51
Q

Are the measures consistent/repeatable?

A

Reliability

52
Q

Take measures two times and receive very similar scores

A

Test-retest reliability

53
Q

a correlation coefficient that ranges from 0.00-1.00

A

Reliability coefficient

54
Q

Can you obtain same results form a different (but comparable) sample and do the observations hold up when you change characteristics of the sample?

A

replication

55
Q

Do the items correlate with one another?

A

Internal consistency

56
Q

Do the items correlate highly with one another?

A

internal consistency

57
Q

Tests whether all items correlate to determine if items correlate

A

Cronbach’s Alpha

58
Q

If you divide the items in half, scores on each half should correlate with one another

A

Split-half reliability

59
Q

The agreement of observations made by two or more raters

A

Inter-rater reliability

60
Q

Used to determine inter-rater reliability

A

Cohen’s Kappa

61
Q

Reliability is a ___________ but not sufficient condition for validity.

62
Q

Can I infer the IV is really related to the DV?

A

Internal validity

63
Q

Do the findings generalize beyond this particular study?

A

External validity

64
Q

Real-world meaningfulness; measure may work well across studies and participants, but is it true to “real life”?

A

Ecological validity

65
Q

Does the measurement (or manipulation) of the variable accurately reflect the underlying theoretical construct?

A

Construct validity

66
Q

A variable not directly observable

67
Q

Assignment of non-equivalent participants to groups being compared

A

selection bias

68
Q

Systematic loss of participants

A

Selective drop-out

69
Q

Effects of taking a test on performance on later test

A

practice effects

70
Q

unintended changes in experimenters, observers, measuring instruments

A

instrumentation

71
Q

Tendency of initially extreme scores to move toward the group mean upon retesting

A

Regression Toward the Mean

72
Q

Behavior/results affected by being “watched”

A

Reactivity (Hawthorne Effect)

73
Q

Study encourages participants to behave in a certain way

A

Demand characteristics

74
Q

Participants try to confirm hypothesis of study

A

Participants Expectancies

75
Q

Participants try to go against perceived demand characteristics

A

Participant Reactance

76
Q

In 1947, the ______________ was adopted that introduced 10 principles, most notably voluntary consent.

A

Nuremberg Code

77
Q

First unified effort of the medical community adopted in 1964 that contributed informed consent

A

Declaration of Helsinki

78
Q

A result of the Tuskegee Syphilis study that led to the IRB

A

Belmont Report

79
Q

An independent entity that reviews proposed research for compliance with ethical standards (review, regulate, and enforce research ethics)

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

80
Q

For psychological research, the American Psychological Association (APA) publishes and updates the ______________

A

APA Ethics Code

81
Q

What are the 3 basic principles of ethical principles?

A

Respect for persons, beneficence, justice

82
Q

Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents and persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

A

Respect for Persons

83
Q

capable of deliberation about personal goals

A

autonomous

84
Q

Making an effort to secure the well-being of participants by not harming them and maximizing benefits and minimizing harm

A

Beneficence

85
Q

Fair distributions of benefits and burdens of research

86
Q

Examined how far people would go in obeying an authority figure, even when it conflicted with their consciences

A

Milgrim’s Study

87
Q

Not forced, coerced, or induced to participate, continue, or complete study

A

Voluntary consent

88
Q

Some lack of or diminished choice as a requisite to something else not directly related

89
Q

unfairly persuaded; usually caused by imbalanced of power

90
Q

influenced based on the circumstances; often monetary or other study benefits

91
Q

Potential participants should be told about the purpose of the study, risks and benefits of participation, and their rights to refuse or terminate participation

A

informed consent

92
Q

Not including all the information about the study in the description beforehand

A

Incomplete Disclosure

93
Q

Actively saying the study is about something else

94
Q

Period after study during which purpose (or real purpose) is fully explained to participants

A

Debriefing

95
Q

Some diminished capacity to give informed consent or at greater than average personal risk

A

Vulnerable

96
Q

Verbal or written agreement to do the study

97
Q

Participant identity is not connected with date when reported (impossible to tell who it came from)

98
Q

participant identity and data never shared outside of the research team (e.g., intelligence scores, grades, mental illness)

A

confidentiality

PSYC 363 - Developmental Lab (3 decks)

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