UNIT 1 Flashcards
How does water’s polarity result in cohesion and
adhesion through hydrogen bond interactions?
the uneven distribution of electrons within the molecule creates creates a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom allowing water molecules to form hydrogen bonds through adhesion and cohesion.
Why is ice less dense than water
the hydrogen bonds are able to form more causing the water molecules to expand which lowers the density
why does water have a high specific heat
It takes a lot of heat to break the hydrogen bonds and when hydrogen bonds form heat is released.Also on the other hand it takes energy to form hydrogen bonds.
hydrophilic
molecules that have an affinity (natural attraction) to water
having polar bonds makes molecules hydrophilic
hydrophobic
molecules that do NOT have an affinity (natural attraction) to water.
having no polar bonds makes molecules hydrophobic
What makes water a versatile solvent
it is polar and adhesive so it works with other polar molecules and adhesion allows water to attract other molecules
Why does water allow capillary action to happen
Walls of roots pull up the water molecules due to adhesion. Once Pulled up the rest of the molecules are also pulled up like a chain due to cohesion.
Elements in Carbohydrates
Always contains carbon
what are the 4 main properties of water?
-ice is less dense than water
-water has a high specific heat
-water is a versatile solvent
-capillary action
Elements in Lipids
Always contains carbon, can contains phosphorus
Elements in Proteins
Always contains carbon, always contains nitrogen, generally contains sulfur
Elements in Nucleic Acids
Always contains carbon, could contains phosphorus, always contains nitrogen
Monomer and Polymer for Carbohydrates
Monomer - Monosaccharide
Polymer - polysaccharides
Monomer and Polymer for Proteins
Monomer - Amino Acids
Polymer - Polypeptides
hydrolysis
breaks covalent bonds in polymers to form monomers
what is glycosidic linkage
It is a covalent bond Carbohydrate monomers
dehydration synthesis
forms covalent bonds between monomers to form polymers
4 organic compounds
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
What is a peptide bond
Covalent bond between protein monomers
What is an ester linkage
covalent bond between lipids
3 types of Polly saccharides
starch, glycogen and cellulose
Things that happen in affect to change in diet
-growth
-reproduction
-maintain organization
in order to add another Amino acid to a protein what end must it meet at
the carboxyl end
glyco means?
sugar
starch is
a carbohydrate, extra sugar in plants
glycogen is
a carbohydrate, excess sugar in animals
cellulose is
a carbohydrate, structure of plant cell
what is a saturated fat?
easily solidify, no double bonds in the fatty acid
what is an unsaturated fat?
don’t easily solidify, double bond in the fatty acid
Phospholipid
makes up cell membrane
2 main functions of lipids
-stores energy
-makes up cell membrane
The head of a lipid is _____, the tail of a lipid is ________
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
What does DNA do
the instruction to make protein
What does RNA do
actually makes the protein
Monomer and Polymer for Nucleic acids
Monomer - Nucleotides
Polymer - DNA and RNA
Monomer and Polymer for Lipids
Monomer - fatty acids and glycerol
Polymer - Fats and phospholipids
3 parts to a Nucleic Acids
-Phosphate group
-5 carbon sugar
-Nitrogenous base
the 2 strands of DNA are _____
antiparrallel
Names of Nitrogenous Bases for DNA
Thymine - Adenine
Cytosine - Guanine
What is the sugar in DNA and what type of strands does is have
deoxyribose, double stranded
What is the sugar in RNA and what type of strands does is have
ribose, single stranded
RNA Nitrogenous bases
in RNA thymine is replaced by uracil
uracil - Adenine
Cytosine - Guanine
All Amino Acids have what?
carboxyl group and Amino group
information is stored with in the DNA molecule due to what?
The sequence of bases
what is the r group?
the side chains of amino acids,
creates the 3d structure of a protein
used to differentiate amino acids
categorized by:
-hydrophobic
-hydrophillic
-ionic
primary structure
chain of amino acids - the order dictates the secondary and tertiary structure
held together by peptide bonds
the order is determined by DNA
secondary structure
backbone, hydrogen bonds form between parts of the back bone
2 possible shapes:
-helix
-beta pleated sheet
tertiary structure
side chains, overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains
if you put together 2 or more amino acids you get a ____
polypepetide
An enzyme is another type of _____
protein
