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AP BIO > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does water’s polarity result in cohesion and
adhesion through hydrogen bond interactions?

A

the uneven distribution of electrons within the molecule creates creates a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom allowing water molecules to form hydrogen bonds through adhesion and cohesion.

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2
Q

Why is ice less dense than water

A

the hydrogen bonds are able to form more causing the water molecules to expand which lowers the density

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3
Q

why does water have a high specific heat

A

It takes a lot of heat to break the hydrogen bonds and when hydrogen bonds form heat is released.Also on the other hand it takes energy to form hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

hydrophilic

A

molecules that have an affinity (natural attraction) to water

having polar bonds makes molecules hydrophilic

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5
Q

hydrophobic

A

molecules that do NOT have an affinity (natural attraction) to water.

having no polar bonds makes molecules hydrophobic

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6
Q

What makes water a versatile solvent

A

it is polar and adhesive so it works with other polar molecules and adhesion allows water to attract other molecules

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7
Q

Why does water allow capillary action to happen

A

Walls of roots pull up the water molecules due to adhesion. Once Pulled up the rest of the molecules are also pulled up like a chain due to cohesion.

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7
Q

Elements in Carbohydrates

A

Always contains carbon

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7
Q

what are the 4 main properties of water?

A

-ice is less dense than water
-water has a high specific heat
-water is a versatile solvent
-capillary action

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8
Q

Elements in Lipids

A

Always contains carbon, can contains phosphorus

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9
Q

Elements in Proteins

A

Always contains carbon, always contains nitrogen, generally contains sulfur

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9
Q

Elements in Nucleic Acids

A

Always contains carbon, could contains phosphorus, always contains nitrogen

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10
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Carbohydrates

A

Monomer - Monosaccharide
Polymer - polysaccharides

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11
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Proteins

A

Monomer - Amino Acids
Polymer - Polypeptides

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12
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks covalent bonds in polymers to form monomers

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13
Q

what is glycosidic linkage

A

It is a covalent bond Carbohydrate monomers

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13
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

forms covalent bonds between monomers to form polymers

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14
Q

4 organic compounds

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids

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15
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

Covalent bond between protein monomers

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16
Q

What is an ester linkage

A

covalent bond between lipids

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17
Q

3 types of Polly saccharides

A

starch, glycogen and cellulose

18
Q

Things that happen in affect to change in diet

A

-growth
-reproduction
-maintain organization

19
Q

in order to add another Amino acid to a protein what end must it meet at

A

the carboxyl end

20
Q

glyco means?

A

sugar

21
Q

starch is

A

a carbohydrate, extra sugar in plants

22
Q

glycogen is

A

a carbohydrate, excess sugar in animals

23
Q

cellulose is

A

a carbohydrate, structure of plant cell

24
Q

what is a saturated fat?

A

easily solidify, no double bonds in the fatty acid

24
Q

what is an unsaturated fat?

A

don’t easily solidify, double bond in the fatty acid

24
Q

Phospholipid

A

makes up cell membrane

25
Q

2 main functions of lipids

A

-stores energy
-makes up cell membrane

26
Q

The head of a lipid is _____, the tail of a lipid is ________

A

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

27
Q

What does DNA do

A

the instruction to make protein

28
Q

What does RNA do

A

actually makes the protein

29
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Nucleic acids

A

Monomer - Nucleotides
Polymer - DNA and RNA

30
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Lipids

A

Monomer - fatty acids and glycerol
Polymer - Fats and phospholipids

31
Q

3 parts to a Nucleic Acids

A

-Phosphate group
-5 carbon sugar
-Nitrogenous base

32
Q

the 2 strands of DNA are _____

A

antiparrallel

33
Q

Names of Nitrogenous Bases for DNA

A

Thymine - Adenine
Cytosine - Guanine

34
Q

What is the sugar in DNA and what type of strands does is have

A

deoxyribose, double stranded

35
Q

What is the sugar in RNA and what type of strands does is have

A

ribose, single stranded

36
Q

RNA Nitrogenous bases

A

in RNA thymine is replaced by uracil

uracil - Adenine
Cytosine - Guanine

37
Q

All Amino Acids have what?

A

carboxyl group and Amino group

38
Q

information is stored with in the DNA molecule due to what?

A

The sequence of bases

39
Q

what is the r group?

A

the side chains of amino acids,
creates the 3d structure of a protein
used to differentiate amino acids
categorized by:
-hydrophobic
-hydrophillic
-ionic

40
Q

primary structure

A

chain of amino acids - the order dictates the secondary and tertiary structure
held together by peptide bonds
the order is determined by DNA

41
Q

secondary structure

A

backbone, hydrogen bonds form between parts of the back bone
2 possible shapes:
-helix
-beta pleated sheet

42
Q

tertiary structure

A

side chains, overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains

43
Q

if you put together 2 or more amino acids you get a ____

A

polypepetide

44
Q

An enzyme is another type of _____

A

protein

AP BIO (3 decks)

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