Chapters 6.4-6.7 Flashcards
Regulatory Proteins
Proteins that control and regulate various processes in the cell
Transcription factors
proteins that regulate gene expression; regulatory proteins
Regulatory Sequences
stretches on DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription (helps control or regulate gene expression)
-An example of a regulatory sequence is a promoter
A second example of a regulatory sequence is an enhancer (regions).
What are they?
-Enhancers are regions of DNA that contain control elements
-Each control element can either have a positive or negative impacts on gene expression
Similarities and differences between Regulatory proteins and Regulatory Sequences
Similarity:
-both control expression of gene
-Controls whether a protein is made or not
-nteract with each other
Differences:
-Regulatory sequences are part of the DNA, Regulatory proteins not part of the DNA
-Regulatory sequence is a promoter and an enhancer, Regulatory protein is transcription factor
Histone proteins
used to organize DNA can do it in a condensed or compacted way
Unacetylated histone tail
Compact: DNA not accessible for transcription
Acetylated histone tails
Looser: DNA accessible for transcription
You can add or take away ____ groups from DNA
You can add or remove _____ groups from histone proteins, this can cause the DNA to compact or loosen up
Methyl, Acetyl
The phenotype of a cell or organism is determined by?
the combination of genes that are expressed and the levels at which they are expressed
Ways that eukaryotic genes can be regulated
-Promotors
-Enhancer Regions (control elements)
-Transcription factors
-Epigenetics
-miRNA (small RNA)
Genotype
Make up of genes
Phenotype
Observable Characteristics
Oncogenes
mutated proto-oncogenes that cause cancer
Proto-oncogenes
genes that control cell division
2 Types of Point Mutations
-Base pair substitutions
-Base pair insertions/deletions
Base pair insertions/deletions
Add or sub an extra base
Base Pair substitutions
changed the base pair to another base pair
3 types of base pair substitutions
-Silent Mutation
-Missense Mutation
-Nonsense Mutation
Silent Mutation
does not change the amino acid, does not impact the structure or function
Missense Mutation
changes whole amino acid; could barely mess up function or be a big problem
Nonsense Mutation
adding stop codon early truncated protein = shortened protein, if the stop codon comes early you could miss half the protein
Type of Base pair insertion/deletion
Frame shift Mutation
Frame shift Mutation
adding or deleting a base; Will have a big impact unless its deleted in 3s
Chromosomal Alterations
where you change a huge chunk of chromosome or the whole
Genetic Recombination
Your combining DNA from 2 different sources, (mom source and dad source), leads to variation
Operon
-a group of genes transcribed in a single mRNA molecules
-help bacteria use there resources efficiently
Operator
-on/off switch
-a repressor fits in the operator
-when repress-or isent attached operator works
The trp
-goal is to make triptifin bind with repressor
-When triptifin is made the repressor bonds to the operator which shuts off the gene
Repressible Operons
-are usually on but can be turned off (repressed)
-therefore the regulatory gene must make an inactive repressor
-used for anabolic processes
-an ex. of this is a Trp operon
The lac operon
-keeps the operon off or an active repressor
-lactose bonds with the repressor making it inactive
-which means the operon goes on which breaks down the lactose
inducible operon
-is usually off by can be turned on (induced)
-Therefore the regulatory gene must make an active repressor
-used for catabolic processes (breaking down)
-the lac operon is an inducible operon
Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes
The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information
4 types of Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes
-Transduction
-Conjugation
-Transformation
-transposition
Transduction
(viral transmission of genetic information) you end up combining dna from 2 different bacteria cells, the virus transfers bacteria dna to a different bacteria cell
Conjugation
(cell-to-cell transfer) sex pilus transfers dna from one bacteria cell to the other
Transformation
(uptake of naked DNA) when the cell transforms itself by picking up naked DNA
Transposition
(movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) a section of bacterial DNA copy of itself
