Chapters 6.4-6.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

Proteins that control and regulate various processes in the cell

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2
Q

Transcription factors

A

proteins that regulate gene expression; regulatory proteins

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3
Q

Regulatory Sequences

A

stretches on DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription (helps control or regulate gene expression)
-An example of a regulatory sequence is a promoter

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4
Q

A second example of a regulatory sequence is an enhancer (regions).
What are they?

A

-Enhancers are regions of DNA that contain control elements
-Each control element can either have a positive or negative impacts on gene expression

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5
Q

Similarities and differences between Regulatory proteins and Regulatory Sequences

A

Similarity:
-both control expression of gene
-Controls whether a protein is made or not
-nteract with each other

Differences:
-Regulatory sequences are part of the DNA, Regulatory proteins not part of the DNA
-Regulatory sequence is a promoter and an enhancer, Regulatory protein is transcription factor

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6
Q

Histone proteins

A

used to organize DNA can do it in a condensed or compacted way

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7
Q

Unacetylated histone tail

A

Compact: DNA not accessible for transcription

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8
Q

Acetylated histone tails

A

Looser: DNA accessible for transcription

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9
Q

You can add or take away ____ groups from DNA

You can add or remove _____ groups from histone proteins, this can cause the DNA to compact or loosen up

A

Methyl, Acetyl

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10
Q

The phenotype of a cell or organism is determined by?

A

the combination of genes that are expressed and the levels at which they are expressed

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11
Q

Ways that eukaryotic genes can be regulated

A

-Promotors
-Enhancer Regions (control elements)
-Transcription factors
-Epigenetics
-miRNA (small RNA)

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Make up of genes

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable Characteristics

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14
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutated proto-oncogenes that cause cancer

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14
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

genes that control cell division

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15
Q

2 Types of Point Mutations

A

-Base pair substitutions
-Base pair insertions/deletions

16
Q

Base pair insertions/deletions

A

Add or sub an extra base

17
Q

Base Pair substitutions

A

changed the base pair to another base pair

17
Q

3 types of base pair substitutions

A

-Silent Mutation
-Missense Mutation
-Nonsense Mutation

18
Q

Silent Mutation

A

does not change the amino acid, does not impact the structure or function

19
Q

Missense Mutation

A

changes whole amino acid; could barely mess up function or be a big problem

20
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

adding stop codon early truncated protein = shortened protein, if the stop codon comes early you could miss half the protein

21
Q

Type of Base pair insertion/deletion

A

Frame shift Mutation

22
Q

Frame shift Mutation

A

adding or deleting a base; Will have a big impact unless its deleted in 3s

23
Q

Chromosomal Alterations

A

where you change a huge chunk of chromosome or the whole

24
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

Your combining DNA from 2 different sources, (mom source and dad source), leads to variation

25
Q

Operon

A

-a group of genes transcribed in a single mRNA molecules
-help bacteria use there resources efficiently

26
Q

Operator

A

-on/off switch
-a repressor fits in the operator
-when repress-or isent attached operator works

27
Q

The trp

A

-goal is to make triptifin bind with repressor
-When triptifin is made the repressor bonds to the operator which shuts off the gene

28
Q

Repressible Operons

A

-are usually on but can be turned off (repressed)
-therefore the regulatory gene must make an inactive repressor
-used for anabolic processes
-an ex. of this is a Trp operon

29
Q

The lac operon

A

-keeps the operon off or an active repressor
-lactose bonds with the repressor making it inactive
-which means the operon goes on which breaks down the lactose

30
Q

inducible operon

A

-is usually off by can be turned on (induced)
-Therefore the regulatory gene must make an active repressor
-used for catabolic processes (breaking down)
-the lac operon is an inducible operon

31
Q

Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes

A

The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information

32
Q

4 types of Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes

A

-Transduction
-Conjugation
-Transformation
-transposition

33
Q

Transduction

A

(viral transmission of genetic information) you end up combining dna from 2 different bacteria cells, the virus transfers bacteria dna to a different bacteria cell

34
Q

Conjugation

A

(cell-to-cell transfer) sex pilus transfers dna from one bacteria cell to the other

35
Q

Transformation

A

(uptake of naked DNA) when the cell transforms itself by picking up naked DNA

36
Q

Transposition

A

(movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) a section of bacterial DNA copy of itself