Cells 2.1-2.3 and 2.10-2.11 Flashcards
Turgor Pressure
Pressure from water against cell wall
Lysosomes
membrane, enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosomes are important for
- intracellular digestion
- the recycling of a cells organic materials
- programmed cell death (apoptis)
Common function of Mitochondria and chloroplasts
energy transducers
Mitochondria
-takes chemical (food) energy and synthesizes it into ATP energy
-contains DNA and ribosomes
Outer Membrane of Mitochondria (OMM)
Smooth
Inner Membrane of Mitochondria (IMM)
-High convoluted (folds)
-the folds increase surface area for more enzymes which allows for more ATP to be made
Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
generation of electrons that are used to make NADH and FADH, in the mitochondira
Where do NADH and FADH drop there electrons?
In the Electron Transport Chain (In the IMM) where it will then synthesize ATP
Simmilarties between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
-DNA
-Ribosomes
-cytoplasms
-membrane
Simmilarties between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
Differences between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
Prokarotes:
- have nucleoid (where DNA is stored)
-compartment less
Eukaryotes:
-endomembrame system
-compartmentalization
Chloroplasts
-double outermembrane
-intermembrane space
Inner membrane of Chloroplasts
-thylakoids
-orgnaized into stacks called grana
-single stack is granum
multistacks are grana
Stroma
fluid between inner membrane and grana
Calvin Cycle
- Happens in stroma
- produces NADP + and ADP
- CO2 becomes CH20 (sugar)
- in chloroplasts
Photosystem
-organization of chlorophyll
-embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids)
light reaction
- happen in grana
- produces ATP and NADPH
- H2O becomes O2
Free Ribosomes
make protein that stays in cell
Bound Ribosomes
make protein that leaves thee cell
Cilia
-hair like
-helps movement and move food
Surface Area
Cell Membrane
Volume
Cytoplasm
Smaller cells are
more favorable due to there surface area - to - volume ratio being better for exchange of material with the environment
As cells increase in volume…
the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases
Surface area-to-volume ratios affect the ability of a biological system to
-obtain necessary resources
-eliminate waste products
-acquire or dissipate thermal energy
- exchange chemicals and energy with the environment
Ribosome
synthesize protein according to mRNA sequence and the instructions that are encoded in that genome of the cell
ER
network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Rough ER
-Has ribosomes attached to its membrane
-compartmentalizes the cell
-associated with packing the newly synthesized protein’s made by attached ribosomes for possible export from the cell
Smooth ER
Detoxifies and lipid synthesis
Golgi Complex
-series of flattened membrane bound sacs in eukaryotes
-correct folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized protein’s and packing for protein trafficking
Vacuole
-storage and release of water, macro molecules and cellular waste products
- it aids retention of water for turgor pressure in plants
Cells are typically small due to…
moving materials (such as nutrients and waste) in and out of the cells gets more difficult as the cell gets larger
As cells ____, the relative surface area ___
increase, decreases
