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a&p adv > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

regulates homeostasis

A

Feedback loops

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3
Q

counteracts changes to keep conditions stable (ex: body temperature regulation and control of blood glucose)

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

amplifies changes for processes that need a strong, rapid response (ex: The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor)

A

Positive feedback

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5
Q

• they provide instructions to proteins, which determine traits and bodily functions

A

genetics

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6
Q

hold atoms together in molecules, forming structures like proteins and DNA

A

Chemical bonds

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7
Q

Atoms share electrons

A

Covalent Bonds

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8
Q

Atoms share electrons

A

Covalent Bonds

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9
Q

Atoms transfer electrons.

A

Ionic Bonds

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10
Q

Weak bonds between molecules

A

Hydrogen:

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11
Q

• Temperature: Higher speeds up reactions.
• Concentration: More reactants increase rates.
• Catalysts: Speed up reactions.
• pH: Affects reaction rates, especially for enzymes

A

Factors influencing reactions

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12
Q

donate protons (Ht ions) and have a pH
below 7

A

Acids

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13
Q

accept protons or donate hydroxide ions
(OH) and have a pH above 7

A

Bases

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14
Q

maintain stable pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases, preventing drastic pH changes

A

Buffers

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15
Q

Store energy and make up cell
membranes

A

Lipids

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16
Q

Provide quick energy and structural support

A

Carbohydrates:

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17
Q

Build and repair tissues, and act as enzymes

A

Proteins

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18
Q

Store and transmit genetic information

A

Nucleic acids

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19
Q

sequence of events in a cell’s life, including growth (interphase), DNA replication, and division (mitosis or meiosis)

A

Cell Cycle

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20
Q

The process of creating proteins from DNA instructions, involving transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein)

A

Protein Synthesis

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21
Q

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water, providing energy for cellular activities.

A

Cellular Respiration

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22
Q

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a ring structure (e.g., glucose).

A

Carbohydrates

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23
Q

Include fatty acids and glycerol, with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head in phospholipids (e.g., triglycerides)

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Made of amino acids linked in a chain, forming structures like alpha helices and beta sheets (e.g., enzymes)

A

Proteins

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25
Q

Composed of nucleotide units, including a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (e.g., DNA with a double helix structure)

A

Nucleic Acids:

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26
Q

what are tissues made of

A

cells

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27
Q

muscular, connective, nervous, and epithelial

A

functions of tissues

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28
Q

what is needed for cellular respiration to happen

A

oxygen and glucose

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29
Q

stored energy

A

ATP

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30
Q

• grow/divide
• signaling/ communication
• specialization
•aging and death

A

cell life

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31
Q

cells specialize by producing specific sets of proteins

A

gene expression

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32
Q

ability of one cell to become many types via gene activation/gene expression

A

cell differentiation

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33
Q

external:
• lack of oxygen
• stress
• tissue damage
internal:
• dna damage

A

signals that cause death

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34
Q

cell explodes

A

necrosis

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35
Q

cell shrinks

A

apoptosis

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36
Q

• proteins open pore in mitochondria
• mitochondria death proteins release
• die from p53 gene

A

apoptosis process

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37
Q

permanent changes in DNA sequences

A

mutations

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38
Q

how do normal cells turn into cancer cells

A

mutatiom

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39
Q

all bonds affect molecules _____

A

shape/form

40
Q

similar chemical shapes =

A

mimicking affect

41
Q

no carbon
• water, salts

A

inorganic compound

42
Q

• carbon
• complex
• carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

A

organic compounds

43
Q

carbs monomer?

A

monosaccharides

44
Q

lipids monomer?

A

triglycerides

45
Q

nucleic acids monomer?

A

nucleotides

46
Q

proteins monomer?

A

amino acids

47
Q

a small molecule that can bond with others to form a polymer

A

monomer

48
Q

a large molecule made up of repeating units of monomers bonded together.

A

polymer

49
Q

are crucial for maintaining the pH of blood and other body fluids within a narrow range, essential for enzyme function and overall homeostasis.

A

importance of buffers

50
Q

primary energy currency of the cell, driving essential functions like muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and biosynthesis.

A

importance of ATP

51
Q

Stores genetic information in the form of sequences of bases (A, T, C, G). It serves as a template for transcription.

A

role of DNA in protein synthesis

52
Q

carries/translates info from DNA to ribosomes

A

role of RNA in protein synthesis

53
Q
  • Occurs in somatic (body) cells.
    • Results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
    • Involves one round of cell division.
    • Maintains the chromosome number (diploid).
A

mitosis

54
Q
  • Occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and eggs).
    • Results in four genetically diverse daughter cells.
    • Involves two rounds of cell division.
    • Reduces the chromosome number by half (haploid).
A

meiosis

55
Q

DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand.

A

transcription

56
Q

mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA, assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

A

translation

57
Q

mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA, assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

A

translation

58
Q

Acts as a selective barrier, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.

A

cell membrane

59
Q

Facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane, either through passive transport (no energy required, e.g., diffusion) or active transport (energy required, e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

A

transport proteins

60
Q

Stores genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

A

nucleus

61
Q

Produces ATP through cellular respiration.

A

mitochondria

62
Q

Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

A

ribosomes

63
Q

combining atoms/molecules to form larger, more complex molecule

A

synthesis

64
Q

breaking molecules apart

A

decomposition

65
Q

breaking molecules apart

A

decomposition

66
Q

bonds made/broken to exchange partacles

A

exchange reaction

67
Q

the cell’s energy source. It works by storing energy in its chemical bonds. When a cell needs energy, it breaks a bond, releasing energy for the cell to use.

A

ATP’s job

68
Q

CHO

A

carbs and lipids

69
Q

CHON

A

proteins

70
Q

CHONP

A

nucleic acids

71
Q

conduct electrical current in a solution

A

electrolytes

72
Q

• weakness
• twitching
• fatigue
• muscle spasm

A

unbalanced electrolytes

73
Q

• sour taste
• proton DONOR

A

acid

74
Q

• bitter taste
• proton ACCEPTOR

A

base

75
Q

resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids

A

buffers

76
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

77
Q

glucose, fructose, ribose

A

examples of monosaccharides

78
Q

double sugar

A

disaccharide

79
Q

sucrose, maltose, lactose

A

examples of disaccharides

80
Q

polymer (many sugars linked)

A

polysaccharides

81
Q

starch: storage carb in plants
glycogen: storage carb in animal tissue

A

examples of polysaccharides

82
Q

chief component of cell membrane

A

phospholipids

83
Q

cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones precursor, and adrenal cortical hormones (response to stress)

A

steroids

84
Q

• regulator fats produced all over body
• prostaglandins (blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, labor)

A

eicosanoids

85
Q

Combo of 20 types of amino acids (monomer) bound together with peptide bonds

A

protein

86
Q

Combo of 20 types of amino acids (monomer) bound together with peptide bonds

A

protein

87
Q

• fibrous (structual)
• globular (functional)

A

types of proteins

88
Q

• enzymes
• horomones
• transport
•immunity
• movement

A

protein functions

89
Q

lower activation energy to speed up reaction

A

catalyst

90
Q

protein unfolds and loses 3D shape

A

protein denature

91
Q

lower activation energy to speed up reactions

A

catalyst

92
Q

end in -ase

A

enzymes

93
Q

• structure
• enzymes
• transport
• movement
• hormones
• support

A

functions of proteins

94
Q

double stranded helical

A

DNA

95
Q

process of creating proteins from DNA instructions, involving transcriptions, and translation

A

protein synthesis

a&p adv (7 decks)

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