unit 1 Flashcards
maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes
Homeostasis
regulates homeostasis
Feedback loops
counteracts changes to keep conditions stable (ex: body temperature regulation and control of blood glucose)
Negative feedback
amplifies changes for processes that need a strong, rapid response (ex: The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor)
Positive feedback
• they provide instructions to proteins, which determine traits and bodily functions
genetics
hold atoms together in molecules, forming structures like proteins and DNA
Chemical bonds
Atoms share electrons
Covalent Bonds
Atoms share electrons
Covalent Bonds
Atoms transfer electrons.
Ionic Bonds
Weak bonds between molecules
Hydrogen:
• Temperature: Higher speeds up reactions.
• Concentration: More reactants increase rates.
• Catalysts: Speed up reactions.
• pH: Affects reaction rates, especially for enzymes
Factors influencing reactions
donate protons (Ht ions) and have a pH
below 7
Acids
accept protons or donate hydroxide ions
(OH) and have a pH above 7
Bases
maintain stable pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases, preventing drastic pH changes
Buffers
Store energy and make up cell
membranes
Lipids
Provide quick energy and structural support
Carbohydrates:
Build and repair tissues, and act as enzymes
Proteins
Store and transmit genetic information
Nucleic acids
sequence of events in a cell’s life, including growth (interphase), DNA replication, and division (mitosis or meiosis)
Cell Cycle
The process of creating proteins from DNA instructions, involving transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein)
Protein Synthesis
The process of converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water, providing energy for cellular activities.
Cellular Respiration
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a ring structure (e.g., glucose).
Carbohydrates
Include fatty acids and glycerol, with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head in phospholipids (e.g., triglycerides)
Lipids
Made of amino acids linked in a chain, forming structures like alpha helices and beta sheets (e.g., enzymes)
Proteins
Composed of nucleotide units, including a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (e.g., DNA with a double helix structure)
Nucleic Acids:
what are tissues made of
cells
muscular, connective, nervous, and epithelial
functions of tissues
what is needed for cellular respiration to happen
oxygen and glucose
stored energy
ATP
• grow/divide
• signaling/ communication
• specialization
•aging and death
cell life
cells specialize by producing specific sets of proteins
gene expression
ability of one cell to become many types via gene activation/gene expression
cell differentiation
external:
• lack of oxygen
• stress
• tissue damage
internal:
• dna damage
signals that cause death
cell explodes
necrosis
cell shrinks
apoptosis
• proteins open pore in mitochondria
• mitochondria death proteins release
• die from p53 gene
apoptosis process
permanent changes in DNA sequences
mutations
how do normal cells turn into cancer cells
mutatiom
all bonds affect molecules _____
shape/form
similar chemical shapes =
mimicking affect
no carbon
• water, salts
inorganic compound
• carbon
• complex
• carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
organic compounds
carbs monomer?
monosaccharides
lipids monomer?
triglycerides
nucleic acids monomer?
nucleotides
proteins monomer?
amino acids
a small molecule that can bond with others to form a polymer
monomer
a large molecule made up of repeating units of monomers bonded together.
polymer
are crucial for maintaining the pH of blood and other body fluids within a narrow range, essential for enzyme function and overall homeostasis.
importance of buffers
primary energy currency of the cell, driving essential functions like muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and biosynthesis.
importance of ATP
Stores genetic information in the form of sequences of bases (A, T, C, G). It serves as a template for transcription.
role of DNA in protein synthesis
carries/translates info from DNA to ribosomes
role of RNA in protein synthesis
- Occurs in somatic (body) cells.
- Results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Involves one round of cell division.
- Maintains the chromosome number (diploid).
mitosis
- Occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and eggs).
- Results in four genetically diverse daughter cells.
- Involves two rounds of cell division.
- Reduces the chromosome number by half (haploid).
meiosis
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand.
transcription
mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA, assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
translation
mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA, assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
translation
Acts as a selective barrier, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.
cell membrane
Facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane, either through passive transport (no energy required, e.g., diffusion) or active transport (energy required, e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
transport proteins
Stores genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
nucleus
Produces ATP through cellular respiration.
mitochondria
Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
ribosomes
combining atoms/molecules to form larger, more complex molecule
synthesis
breaking molecules apart
decomposition
breaking molecules apart
decomposition
bonds made/broken to exchange partacles
exchange reaction
the cell’s energy source. It works by storing energy in its chemical bonds. When a cell needs energy, it breaks a bond, releasing energy for the cell to use.
ATP’s job
CHO
carbs and lipids
CHON
proteins
CHONP
nucleic acids
conduct electrical current in a solution
electrolytes
• weakness
• twitching
• fatigue
• muscle spasm
unbalanced electrolytes
• sour taste
• proton DONOR
acid
• bitter taste
• proton ACCEPTOR
base
resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
buffers
simple sugars
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, ribose
examples of monosaccharides
double sugar
disaccharide
sucrose, maltose, lactose
examples of disaccharides
polymer (many sugars linked)
polysaccharides
starch: storage carb in plants
glycogen: storage carb in animal tissue
examples of polysaccharides
chief component of cell membrane
phospholipids
cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones precursor, and adrenal cortical hormones (response to stress)
steroids
• regulator fats produced all over body
• prostaglandins (blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, labor)
eicosanoids
Combo of 20 types of amino acids (monomer) bound together with peptide bonds
protein
Combo of 20 types of amino acids (monomer) bound together with peptide bonds
protein
• fibrous (structual)
• globular (functional)
types of proteins
• enzymes
• horomones
• transport
•immunity
• movement
protein functions
lower activation energy to speed up reaction
catalyst
protein unfolds and loses 3D shape
protein denature
lower activation energy to speed up reactions
catalyst
end in -ase
enzymes
• structure
• enzymes
• transport
• movement
• hormones
• support
functions of proteins
double stranded helical
DNA
process of creating proteins from DNA instructions, involving transcriptions, and translation
protein synthesis
