Unit 1 Flashcards
what’s under Young Adulthood (20 – 30)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
What century is Roger Bacon
13th century
Theories predominant during 19s
autointoxication” theory
T/F: Women live longer than men
True
people maintain their values, habits and behavior in old age
Continuity Theory
The process of becoming older
A process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated
Aging
Categorize: 65-74 y/o
Young old
considered as the powerhouse of the cell wherein their primary job is to create ATP
mitochondria
believes that although physical capabilities and functions decrease with old age, mental and social capacities find to increase in the latter part of life
Peck
common emotional responses of aging
guilt, anger, fear, anxiety, anticipatory grief
Proposed in relation to the Disengagement Theory wherein they postulated that “basic personality, attitudes and behaviors remain constant throughout the life span
This theory states that older adults try to preserve and maintain internal and external structures by using strategies that maintain continuity
As a person grows older, he or she is likely to maintain continuity in habits, preferences, commitment; implies that there are many possible adaptations to aging
Continuity Theory
known to disrupt the structure of cell membranes and the integrity of the cell as a whole
Free radicals
Population of the Philippines in 2020
109,581,078 people
Emphasizes the importance of maintaining of regular activities, roles and social pursuits
The best way to age is to stay active physically and mentally
Postulates that persons who achieve optimal age are those who stay active
As role change, the individual finds substitute activities for these roles
Activity Theory
It was not until ** that scientists began to investigate seriously the physiological and anatomical process of aging
18th and 19th centuries
a class of fatty pigments consisting mostly of oxidized fats that are found in abundance in the cells of adults
Lipofuscin
What years is Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519
the first person to identify physiological changes associated with aging by performing autopsies on old men and young children
Leonardo da Vinci
In Membrane Theory of Aging, This cellular toxins is referred to as *** and as we grow older lipofuscin deposits become more present in the brain, heart, lungs as well as in the skin
Lipofuscin
stated that age was attributed to particular
physiological systems or conditions,
“autointoxication” theory
He further postulated that aging was a result of the wear and tear of living.
Roger Bacon
This theory says that the age-related changes of the cell’s ability to transfer chemicals, heat and electrical processes that impair it in the long run
Membrane Theory of Aging
a European, adhered to the Greek model of decreased heat and dryness related to aging but added that aging was a pathological process that could be halted by good hygiene.
Roger Bacon
impersonal relations
Isolation
An adults identity and feelings of worth are highly dependent on that person’s work role on retirement, some people experience feelings of worthiness, unless they derive their sense of identity from a number of roles so that one such role can replace the work role or occupation as a source of self esteem
Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation
theories attempts to explain the thought process and behavior of aging persons
Psychosocial Theories
Alterations in neuroendocrine control of homeostasis result in aging-related physiological changes
Neuro-endocrine Theory
Refers to an inevitable process in which many of the relationships between a person and other members of the society are severed and those that are maintained are altered in quality
Aging involves mutual withdrawal between the older person and others in the
elderly person’s environment. This withdrawal relieves the elderly of some society’s pressure and gradually decreases the number of people with whom the elderly person interacts
Withdrawal from society may either be initiated by the aging person or by the society itself and that such withdrawal may either be partial or total
Disengagement Theory
Population of 60 years old and above in the Philippines in 2017
5.7 million older persons - 6.9% of the Ph population
first people to speculate on the causes of aging, several hundred years before the birth of Christ
Greeks
people who are over 65 years of age
Elderly
Meaning of 55-64 y/o
older population
highly unstable chemicals which arise from an atom which has an unpaired electron in its outermost orbit
Free radicals
gender that is more married
males
stated that aging was due to decrease irritability of nervous and muscular tissues resulting in a failure of the body to respond to stimuli.
Darwin
Three Life-Course Theory
a. Erickson’s Developmental Stages
b. Havighurst
c. Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging
Theory: Diabetes is often viewed as a form of accelerated aging and the age-related
imbalance of insulin and glucose tolerance leads to numerous problems
The Cross-linking Theory
Current thinking includes:
a. The Vital Substance Theory
b. The Genetic Mutation Theory
c. The Reproduction Exhaustion Theory
gender that is more single
females
effect of aging that shift in family structure and hierarchy related to matriarch or patriarch no longer being in their role.”
structural effects
a DNA polymerase involved in the formation
of telomeres and the maintenance of telomere sequences during replication)
telomerase
Suggest that with age, some body CHONs become cross-linked
and may impede metabolic processes
A.k.a. Protein modification
Protein changes result in advanced glycation end products
(AGEs) that crosslink with other molecules, impairing function
Cross-linking Theory of Aging
age-related imbalance of insulin and glucose tolerance leads to numerous problems in diabetes
Syndrome X
said that aging was caused primarily by changes in body’s “humor” that produced increased dryness and coldness.
Galen
This task calls for the individual to adjust to decreasing physical capacities and at the same maintain feelings of well-being. Preoccupation with declining body function reduces happiness and satisfaction with life.
Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
Projected population for the year 2030:
21% of the population will be older than 65 years of Age.
Theory: Several types of gene mutations are known to occur, some are good and some are harmful
The Genetic Mutation Theory
health service that incorporates generic nursing methods and specialized knowledge
about the aged to establish conditions within the patient
Geriatric/Gerontological nursing
a steroid hormone produced naturally by the adrenal gland prescribed
typically for inflammation
cortisol
amount of loss in financial effects of aging
$280, 00 to $325,000 in wages
Theory: Chemically speaking, under normal circumstances, the mitochondria are fiery furnaces and subject themselves to a lot of free radical damage; furthermore they also lack most of the defenses found in other parts of the body, such that as we age, the mitochondria becomes less efficient and fewer in number
The Mitochondrial Decline Theory
molecule that’s carrier of genetic information
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
In the early 1900s, He studied mortality rates with the use of statistical analysis.
C.S. Minot
Aging is caused by changes in the expression of genes regulating both
development and aging
The DNA and Genetics Theory
Theory: we are all born with a certain amount of vital substance and as it is consumed, we age and die
The Vital Substance Theory
Psychosocial Theories
1.Disengagement Theory
2.Activity Theory
3.Continuity Theory
4.Life-Course Theory
Erickson’s Developmental Stages
Havighurst
Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging
characterized aging as an irreversible and natural event caused by a decrease in body heat
Hippocrates
Living arrangement of older adults
- grandchildren – 61.8%
- spouse – 59%
- Daughter – 50.9%
telomeres (either of the ends of a chromosome , which possesses special properties, among them a polarity that prevents their reunion with any fragment after a chromosome appears as a straight filament) shorten every time a cell divide
This shortening of telomeres is believed to lead to cellular damage, hence aging
Telomerase Theory of Aging
Body tissues become worn out from use and cannot continuously renew itself
Humans like automobiles have vital parts that run down with time, leading to aging and death
Accumulation of normal injury
Wear and Tear Theory
Categorize: 75 – 84 y/o
Middle old
The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
disease in older people and the problems specific to aging
Geriatrics
Oxidative metabolism produces highly reactive free radicals that subsequently
damage lipids, proteins, and DNA
Free Radicals Theory
nursing care of the elderly
Geriatric/Gerontological nursing
theory postulates that aging occurs as a response to the exhaustion of certain organs of the body , particularly the hypothalamus, which is primarily responsible in the regulation of hormone production in the body
Neuro-endocrine Theory
who developed Activity theory and what year
Robert Havighurst in 1960s
After *****, few scientist and researchers studied aging as a primary interest.
1900
What century is Maimonides
12th century
As one grows older, the cell membrane becomes less lipid which in turn impedes its efficiency to conduct normal function and in particular leads to toxic accumulation
Membrane Theory of Aging
what’s under Middle Adulthood (30 – 60)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
what’s under Older Adulthood (60+)
Integrity vs. Despair
Area of resolution and Behavior
Psychosocial Theories
- Disengagement Theory
- Activity Theory
- Continuity Theory
- Life-Course Theory
Biological theories
1.The DNA and Genetics Theory
Telomerase Theory of Aging
2.Neuro-endocrine Theory
3.The Free Radicals Theory
4.The Membrane Theory of Aging
5.The Hayflick Limit Theory
6.The Mitochondrial Decline Theory
7.The Cross-linking Theory
radical formed from a saccharide such as glucose
Glycosyl
Aging begins after birth but becomes more evident at about ** of age
30 years
the acceptance with fear of one’s death as inevitable. This acceptance includes being actively involved in one’s own future beyond death
Ego transcendence
what percent of the total world population was the Ph in 2020
1.41%
an enzyme in the skeletal muscles and other tissues that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate
ATP ((adenosine triphosphatase
Theory that says When the cell reaches its maximum limits in terms of cellular division, the cell ceases to divide and hence, eventually dies
Fibroblasts will divide about 50 times in the test tube. After they stop dividing,
these senescent cells also change in function , releasing enzymes that could
cause cancer later in life
The Hayflick Limit Theory
Four things Geriatric/Gerontological nursing do
1.Increase health-promoting behaviors in the aged
2.minimize and compensate for health-related losses and impairments related to aging
3.Provide comfort and sustenance through the distressing and debilitating events of aging, including dying and death
4.Facilitate the diagnosis, palliation and treatment of disease in the age
***** will divide about 50 times in the test tube. After they stop dividing, these senescent cells also change in function , releasing enzymes that could cause cancer later in life
Fibroblasts
Categorize:85 years old and above
Old-old
Meaning of 85 years old and above
extreme aged/frail elderly
capacity for relationships
Intimacy
Irreversible, deteriorating changes that occur as cells and organisms age, increasing
vulnerability to fatal disease, dysfunction and death
Senescence
Suggests that a kind of cellular constipation results if cell accumulates more wastes than can be disposed of immediately
Cells wear out thru exposure to internal and external stresses including trauma, chemicals and buildup of natural wastes
Waste Product Accumulation Theory
Impact of Aging Members in the Family:
a. Emotional Effects
b. Financial Effects
d. Structural Effects
c. Physical Effects
d. Positive Effects
A continuous process that occurs in the absence of disease
An intrinsic, deleterious, universal, progressive and irreversible process
Aging
study of the elderly and of the aging process itself and its consequences
Gerontology
Aging is a natural process but it is affected by many **
pathologic processes
He stated that aging was a lifetime process rather than an event occurring at the end of the
life span
Galen
DNA and Genetics theory assumes that DNA as a genetic clock can be greatly influenced with regards to its rate of timing such as in case of what
exposure to toxins, pollution, radiation, etc
a Jewish Philosopher postulated that life was predetermined and unalterable but that the life span could be prolonged by taking suitable precautions
Maimonides
Cross-linking Theory of Aging is aka
Protein modification
Postulates that rapid expenditure of energy precipitates early aging and slow expenditure results in slow aging
The faster an organism lives, the quicker it dies
Assumes a fixed rate of metabolic potential for every living organism
Rate-of-Living Theory
involved in obtaining energy for cellular metabolism and in muscle contraction
ATPase
serve as body energy reserves
Lipid
Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan
a. Wear and Tear Theory
b. Rate-of-Living Theory
c. Waste Product Accumulation Theory
d. Cross-linking Theory of Aging
the formation of linkages with glycosyl groups covalently attaching a CHO to another molecule
The Cross-linking Theory
gender that is more widowed
males
Meaning of 65-74 y/o
early elderly
Suggests the presence of biologic clock governed by a series of chemical events
These theories postulate that there is programmed cell death and that hormones accelerate some aging processes and can slow down other processes. The trend is more towards hormones being a possible cause of age changes
Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan
Ph ranks as ** in the list of countries in population
13
Meaning of 75 – 84 y/o
late elderly /aged
Leading cause of morbidity:
*60 years old and above
heart diseases, diseases of the vascular system, pneumonia, PTB, neoplasm, COPD,
nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis, accident
the period of life from old age to death
Senescence
Theory: There is a burst of reproductive activity then a period of rapid aging followed by death
The Reproduction Exhaustion Theory
tasks of Havighurst for older people to progress
1) Adjust to declining health and physical strength
2) adjust to retirement and reduced income
3) Adjust to the death of a spouse or family members
4) Adjust to living arrangements different from what they are accustomed
5) Adjust to pleasures of aging i.e. increased leisure and playing with grandchildren
The Cross-linking Theory is also called
Glycosylation Theory of Aging
Leading cause of morbidity:
*50 years old and above
HPN, PTB, heart diseases, pneumonia, malaria, neoplasm, chicken pox
Addresses the anatomic and physiologic changes occurring with age
Biological theories
This theory postulates that the binding of simple sugars (glucose with protein causes various problems
It proposes that as cells age, chemical reactions create strong bond or cross linkages between proteins. These bonds cause loss of elasticity, stiffness and eventual loss of function
Once this binding has occurred, the CHON becomes impaired and is unable to perform as efficiently as before
The Cross-linking Theory
co-owners and directors of Hearts and Hands
Counseling, say that there are common emotional responses of aging
Katie Thomas and Mishelle Segur
theory suggest that the human cell has a limited ability to divide
The Hayflick Limit Theory
3 Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging
1) Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation
2) Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
3) Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation
Postulates that DNA regulates the rate at which we age
The DNA and Genetics Theory
stated that for older people to progress they must meet following tasks
Havighurst
When the hypothalamus begin to lose its ability to regulate hormone levels,
*** is released which further damages the
hypothalamus in the long run
cortisol
results in holding on to life and a preoccupation with self-gratification.
Ego preoccupation
