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Geriatrics > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what’s under Young Adulthood (20 – 30)

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

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2
Q

What century is Roger Bacon

A

13th century

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3
Q

Theories predominant during 19s

A

autointoxication” theory

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4
Q

T/F: Women live longer than men

A

True

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5
Q

people maintain their values, habits and behavior in old age

A

Continuity Theory

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6
Q

The process of becoming older
 A process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated

A

Aging

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7
Q

Categorize: 65-74 y/o

A

Young old

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8
Q

considered as the powerhouse of the cell wherein their primary job is to create ATP

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

believes that although physical capabilities and functions decrease with old age, mental and social capacities find to increase in the latter part of life

A

Peck

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10
Q

common emotional responses of aging

A

guilt, anger, fear, anxiety, anticipatory grief

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11
Q

 Proposed in relation to the Disengagement Theory wherein they postulated that “basic personality, attitudes and behaviors remain constant throughout the life span
 This theory states that older adults try to preserve and maintain internal and external structures by using strategies that maintain continuity
 As a person grows older, he or she is likely to maintain continuity in habits, preferences, commitment; implies that there are many possible adaptations to aging

A

Continuity Theory

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12
Q

known to disrupt the structure of cell membranes and the integrity of the cell as a whole

A

Free radicals

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13
Q

Population of the Philippines in 2020

A

109,581,078 people

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14
Q

 Emphasizes the importance of maintaining of regular activities, roles and social pursuits
 The best way to age is to stay active physically and mentally
 Postulates that persons who achieve optimal age are those who stay active
 As role change, the individual finds substitute activities for these roles

A

Activity Theory

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15
Q

It was not until ** that scientists began to investigate seriously the physiological and anatomical process of aging

A

18th and 19th centuries

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16
Q

a class of fatty pigments consisting mostly of oxidized fats that are found in abundance in the cells of adults

A

Lipofuscin

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17
Q

What years is Leonardo da Vinci

A

1452-1519

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18
Q

the first person to identify physiological changes associated with aging by performing autopsies on old men and young children

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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19
Q

In Membrane Theory of Aging, This cellular toxins is referred to as *** and as we grow older lipofuscin deposits become more present in the brain, heart, lungs as well as in the skin

A

Lipofuscin

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20
Q

stated that age was attributed to particular
physiological systems or conditions,

A

“autointoxication” theory

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21
Q

He further postulated that aging was a result of the wear and tear of living.

A

Roger Bacon

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22
Q

This theory says that the age-related changes of the cell’s ability to transfer chemicals, heat and electrical processes that impair it in the long run

A

Membrane Theory of Aging

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23
Q

a European, adhered to the Greek model of decreased heat and dryness related to aging but added that aging was a pathological process that could be halted by good hygiene.

A

Roger Bacon

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24
Q

impersonal relations

A

Isolation

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25
Q

An adults identity and feelings of worth are highly dependent on that person’s work role on retirement, some people experience feelings of worthiness, unless they derive their sense of identity from a number of roles so that one such role can replace the work role or occupation as a source of self esteem

A

Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation

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26
Q

theories attempts to explain the thought process and behavior of aging persons

A

Psychosocial Theories

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27
Q

 Alterations in neuroendocrine control of homeostasis result in aging-related physiological changes

A

Neuro-endocrine Theory

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28
Q

Refers to an inevitable process in which many of the relationships between a person and other members of the society are severed and those that are maintained are altered in quality
 Aging involves mutual withdrawal between the older person and others in the
elderly person’s environment. This withdrawal relieves the elderly of some society’s pressure and gradually decreases the number of people with whom the elderly person interacts
 Withdrawal from society may either be initiated by the aging person or by the society itself and that such withdrawal may either be partial or total

A

Disengagement Theory

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29
Q

Population of 60 years old and above in the Philippines in 2017

A

5.7 million older persons - 6.9% of the Ph population

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30
Q

first people to speculate on the causes of aging, several hundred years before the birth of Christ

A

Greeks

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31
Q

people who are over 65 years of age

A

Elderly

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32
Q

Meaning of 55-64 y/o

A

older population

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33
Q

highly unstable chemicals which arise from an atom which has an unpaired electron in its outermost orbit

A

Free radicals

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34
Q

gender that is more married

A

males

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35
Q

stated that aging was due to decrease irritability of nervous and muscular tissues resulting in a failure of the body to respond to stimuli.

A

Darwin

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36
Q

Three Life-Course Theory

A

a. Erickson’s Developmental Stages
b. Havighurst
c. Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging

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37
Q

Theory: Diabetes is often viewed as a form of accelerated aging and the age-related
imbalance of insulin and glucose tolerance leads to numerous problems

A

The Cross-linking Theory

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38
Q

Current thinking includes:

A

a. The Vital Substance Theory
b. The Genetic Mutation Theory
c. The Reproduction Exhaustion Theory

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39
Q

gender that is more single

A

females

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40
Q

effect of aging that shift in family structure and hierarchy related to matriarch or patriarch no longer being in their role.”

A

structural effects

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41
Q

a DNA polymerase involved in the formation
of telomeres and the maintenance of telomere sequences during replication)

A

telomerase

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42
Q

 Suggest that with age, some body CHONs become cross-linked
and may impede metabolic processes
 A.k.a. Protein modification
 Protein changes result in advanced glycation end products
(AGEs) that crosslink with other molecules, impairing function

A

Cross-linking Theory of Aging

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43
Q

age-related imbalance of insulin and glucose tolerance leads to numerous problems in diabetes

A

Syndrome X

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44
Q

said that aging was caused primarily by changes in body’s “humor” that produced increased dryness and coldness.

A

Galen

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45
Q

This task calls for the individual to adjust to decreasing physical capacities and at the same maintain feelings of well-being. Preoccupation with declining body function reduces happiness and satisfaction with life.

A

Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation

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46
Q

Projected population for the year 2030:

A

21% of the population will be older than 65 years of Age.

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47
Q

Theory: Several types of gene mutations are known to occur, some are good and some are harmful

A

The Genetic Mutation Theory

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48
Q

health service that incorporates generic nursing methods and specialized knowledge
about the aged to establish conditions within the patient

A

Geriatric/Gerontological nursing

49
Q

a steroid hormone produced naturally by the adrenal gland prescribed
typically for inflammation

A

cortisol

50
Q

amount of loss in financial effects of aging

A

$280, 00 to $325,000 in wages

51
Q

Theory: Chemically speaking, under normal circumstances, the mitochondria are fiery furnaces and subject themselves to a lot of free radical damage; furthermore they also lack most of the defenses found in other parts of the body, such that as we age, the mitochondria becomes less efficient and fewer in number

A

The Mitochondrial Decline Theory

52
Q

molecule that’s carrier of genetic information

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

53
Q

In the early 1900s, He studied mortality rates with the use of statistical analysis.

A

C.S. Minot

54
Q

Aging is caused by changes in the expression of genes regulating both
development and aging

A

The DNA and Genetics Theory

55
Q

Theory: we are all born with a certain amount of vital substance and as it is consumed, we age and die

A

The Vital Substance Theory

56
Q

Psychosocial Theories

A

1.Disengagement Theory
2.Activity Theory
3.Continuity Theory
4.Life-Course Theory
 Erickson’s Developmental Stages
 Havighurst
 Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging

57
Q

characterized aging as an irreversible and natural event caused by a decrease in body heat

A

Hippocrates

58
Q

Living arrangement of older adults

A
  • grandchildren – 61.8%
  • spouse – 59%
  • Daughter – 50.9%
59
Q

telomeres (either of the ends of a chromosome , which possesses special properties, among them a polarity that prevents their reunion with any fragment after a chromosome appears as a straight filament) shorten every time a cell divide
 This shortening of telomeres is believed to lead to cellular damage, hence aging

A

Telomerase Theory of Aging

60
Q

 Body tissues become worn out from use and cannot continuously renew itself
 Humans like automobiles have vital parts that run down with time, leading to aging and death
 Accumulation of normal injury

A

Wear and Tear Theory

61
Q

Categorize: 75 – 84 y/o

A

Middle old

62
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
disease in older people and the problems specific to aging

A

Geriatrics

63
Q

Oxidative metabolism produces highly reactive free radicals that subsequently
damage lipids, proteins, and DNA

A

Free Radicals Theory

64
Q

nursing care of the elderly

A

Geriatric/Gerontological nursing

65
Q

theory postulates that aging occurs as a response to the exhaustion of certain organs of the body , particularly the hypothalamus, which is primarily responsible in the regulation of hormone production in the body

A

Neuro-endocrine Theory

66
Q

who developed Activity theory and what year

A

Robert Havighurst in 1960s

67
Q

After *****, few scientist and researchers studied aging as a primary interest.

A

1900

68
Q

What century is Maimonides

A

12th century

69
Q

As one grows older, the cell membrane becomes less lipid which in turn impedes its efficiency to conduct normal function and in particular leads to toxic accumulation

A

Membrane Theory of Aging

70
Q

what’s under Middle Adulthood (30 – 60)

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

71
Q

what’s under Older Adulthood (60+)

A

Integrity vs. Despair
Area of resolution and Behavior

72
Q

Psychosocial Theories

A
  1. Disengagement Theory
  2. Activity Theory
  3. Continuity Theory
  4. Life-Course Theory
73
Q

Biological theories

A

1.The DNA and Genetics Theory
 Telomerase Theory of Aging
2.Neuro-endocrine Theory
3.The Free Radicals Theory
4.The Membrane Theory of Aging
5.The Hayflick Limit Theory
6.The Mitochondrial Decline Theory
7.The Cross-linking Theory

74
Q

radical formed from a saccharide such as glucose

A

Glycosyl

75
Q

Aging begins after birth but becomes more evident at about ** of age

A

30 years

76
Q

the acceptance with fear of one’s death as inevitable. This acceptance includes being actively involved in one’s own future beyond death

A

Ego transcendence

77
Q

what percent of the total world population was the Ph in 2020

A

1.41%

78
Q

an enzyme in the skeletal muscles and other tissues that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate

A

ATP ((adenosine triphosphatase

79
Q

Theory that says When the cell reaches its maximum limits in terms of cellular division, the cell ceases to divide and hence, eventually dies

Fibroblasts will divide about 50 times in the test tube. After they stop dividing,
these senescent cells also change in function , releasing enzymes that could
cause cancer later in life

A

The Hayflick Limit Theory

80
Q

Four things Geriatric/Gerontological nursing do

A

1.Increase health-promoting behaviors in the aged
2.minimize and compensate for health-related losses and impairments related to aging
3.Provide comfort and sustenance through the distressing and debilitating events of aging, including dying and death
4.Facilitate the diagnosis, palliation and treatment of disease in the age

81
Q

***** will divide about 50 times in the test tube. After they stop dividing, these senescent cells also change in function , releasing enzymes that could cause cancer later in life

A

Fibroblasts

82
Q

Categorize:85 years old and above

A

Old-old

83
Q

Meaning of 85 years old and above

A

extreme aged/frail elderly

84
Q

capacity for relationships

A

Intimacy

85
Q

Irreversible, deteriorating changes that occur as cells and organisms age, increasing
vulnerability to fatal disease, dysfunction and death

A

Senescence

86
Q

 Suggests that a kind of cellular constipation results if cell accumulates more wastes than can be disposed of immediately
 Cells wear out thru exposure to internal and external stresses including trauma, chemicals and buildup of natural wastes

A

Waste Product Accumulation Theory

87
Q

Impact of Aging Members in the Family:

A

a. Emotional Effects
b. Financial Effects
d. Structural Effects
c. Physical Effects
d. Positive Effects

88
Q

A continuous process that occurs in the absence of disease
 An intrinsic, deleterious, universal, progressive and irreversible process

A

Aging

89
Q

study of the elderly and of the aging process itself and its consequences

A

Gerontology

90
Q

Aging is a natural process but it is affected by many **

A

pathologic processes

91
Q

He stated that aging was a lifetime process rather than an event occurring at the end of the
life span

A

Galen

92
Q

DNA and Genetics theory assumes that DNA as a genetic clock can be greatly influenced with regards to its rate of timing such as in case of what

A

 exposure to toxins, pollution, radiation, etc

93
Q

a Jewish Philosopher postulated that life was predetermined and unalterable but that the life span could be prolonged by taking suitable precautions

A

Maimonides

94
Q

Cross-linking Theory of Aging is aka

A

Protein modification

95
Q

 Postulates that rapid expenditure of energy precipitates early aging and slow expenditure results in slow aging
 The faster an organism lives, the quicker it dies
 Assumes a fixed rate of metabolic potential for every living organism

A

Rate-of-Living Theory

96
Q

involved in obtaining energy for cellular metabolism and in muscle contraction

A

ATPase

97
Q

serve as body energy reserves

A

Lipid

98
Q

Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

A

a. Wear and Tear Theory
b. Rate-of-Living Theory
c. Waste Product Accumulation Theory
d. Cross-linking Theory of Aging

99
Q

the formation of linkages with glycosyl groups covalently attaching a CHO to another molecule

A

The Cross-linking Theory

100
Q

gender that is more widowed

A

males

101
Q

Meaning of 65-74 y/o

A

early elderly

102
Q

Suggests the presence of biologic clock governed by a series of chemical events
 These theories postulate that there is programmed cell death and that hormones accelerate some aging processes and can slow down other processes. The trend is more towards hormones being a possible cause of age changes

A

Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

103
Q

Ph ranks as ** in the list of countries in population

A

13

104
Q

Meaning of 75 – 84 y/o

A

late elderly /aged

105
Q

Leading cause of morbidity:
*60 years old and above

A

heart diseases, diseases of the vascular system, pneumonia, PTB, neoplasm, COPD,
nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis, accident

106
Q

the period of life from old age to death

A

Senescence

107
Q

Theory: There is a burst of reproductive activity then a period of rapid aging followed by death

A

The Reproduction Exhaustion Theory

108
Q

tasks of Havighurst for older people to progress

A

1) Adjust to declining health and physical strength
2) adjust to retirement and reduced income
3) Adjust to the death of a spouse or family members
4) Adjust to living arrangements different from what they are accustomed
5) Adjust to pleasures of aging i.e. increased leisure and playing with grandchildren

109
Q

The Cross-linking Theory is also called

A

Glycosylation Theory of Aging

110
Q

Leading cause of morbidity:
*50 years old and above

A

HPN, PTB, heart diseases, pneumonia, malaria, neoplasm, chicken pox

111
Q

Addresses the anatomic and physiologic changes occurring with age

A

Biological theories

112
Q

This theory postulates that the binding of simple sugars (glucose with protein causes various problems
 It proposes that as cells age, chemical reactions create strong bond or cross linkages between proteins. These bonds cause loss of elasticity, stiffness and eventual loss of function
 Once this binding has occurred, the CHON becomes impaired and is unable to perform as efficiently as before

A

The Cross-linking Theory

113
Q

co-owners and directors of Hearts and Hands
Counseling, say that there are common emotional responses of aging

A

Katie Thomas and Mishelle Segur

114
Q

theory suggest that the human cell has a limited ability to divide

A

The Hayflick Limit Theory

115
Q

3 Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging

A

1) Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation
2) Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
3) Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation

116
Q

Postulates that DNA regulates the rate at which we age

A

The DNA and Genetics Theory

117
Q

stated that for older people to progress they must meet following tasks

A

Havighurst

118
Q

When the hypothalamus begin to lose its ability to regulate hormone levels,
*** is released which further damages the
hypothalamus in the long run

A

cortisol

119
Q

results in holding on to life and a preoccupation with self-gratification.

A

Ego preoccupation

Geriatrics (3 decks)

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