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Understanding the Self > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“Know thyself”

“An unexamined life is not worth living.”

Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul

“Our soul strives for wisdom and perfection.”

A

Socrates

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2
Q

What are the 3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche) according to Plato?

A

Reason

Physical Appetite

Spirit/Passion

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3
Q

The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank tablet)

Self is composed of matter and form

The Process of Completion is through experiences

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

Apathy or indifference to pleasure

Embracing Adversity

It’s a philosophy designed to make us more resilient, happier, more virtuous and more wise-and as a result, better people, better parents and better professionals

A

Stoicism

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5
Q

“Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you will die.”

They believe that pleasure is the only good in life, and pain is the only evil, and our life’s goal should be to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

A

Hedonism

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6
Q

Moderate pleasure
Being content with the simple things in life ensures that you will never be disappointed

A

Epicureanism

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7
Q

From the scientific investigation on nature and search for happiness to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in a better world (i.e., the afterlife)

There was an aim to merge philosophy and religion (Christian, Jewish, Muslim)

A

Theo-centric

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8
Q

Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity

The self strives to achieve union with God through faith and reason

A

St. Augustine

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9
Q

Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us (objects in our environment)

The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things we encounter in our environment

“The things that we love tell us what we are”

Experiencing that something exists doesn’t tell us what it is

Knowing and learning about a thing requires a long process of understanding; same with the mind and the self - with experience and reason

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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10
Q

Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ (medieval thinkers) excessive reliance on authority

Period of radical, social, political and intellectual developments

A

Anthropocentric

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11
Q

The self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body

A

Rene Descartes

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12
Q

Personal identity is made possible by self consciousness

A

John Locke

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13
Q

There is no “self,” only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions passing through the theater of our minds

A

David Hume

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14
Q

The self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness that makes intelligible experience possible

A

Immanuel Kant

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15
Q

The self is the way people behave

A

Gilbert Ryle

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16
Q

The self is the brain. Mental states will be superseded by the brain states

A

Paul & Patricia Churchland

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17
Q

Both Husserl and Merleau-Ponty agree that our living body is a natural synthesis of mind and biology

A

Embodied Subjectivity

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18
Q

Describe the phenomena of the lived experience (reducing biases) by describing what your immediate responses are - physically, emotionally, cognitively

A

Phenomenological Approach

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19
Q

We experience our self as a unity which the in mental and physical are seamlessly woven together

A

Edmund Husserl

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20
Q

The self is embodied subjectivity

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

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21
Q

A person’s self grows out of a person’s social interactions with others

The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us

Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we believe others see us

A

The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley)

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22
Q

Technique used to enhance the individual’s perception on self and others

A

Johari Window (Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham)

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23
Q

The self is created and developed through human interaction

“I and the Me” self

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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24
Q

2 Aspects of Self-Awareness:

A

The “me” is the socialized aspect of the person

The “I” is the active aspect of the person

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25
Q

Father of Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmeund Freud

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26
Q

refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of

A

Conscious

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27
Q

experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious with little effort

A

Preconscious

28
Q

contains all drives, urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior

A

Unconscious

29
Q

Pleasure Principle

Natural part of the self

Animalistic nature of man

Pleasure seeking part of the personality

Determined by the genetic code

Providing the raw materials

Setting the boundary conditions for development

Represents the basic need of man

If properly controlled, it could bring warmth and comfort

If angered/provoked, it could destroy not only himself but also his surrounding

A

ID (Biological Self)

30
Q

Idealistic Principle

The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others

A

Superego (Social Self)

31
Q

Reality Principle

The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfill the reality principle

The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world

A

EGO (Psychological Self)

32
Q

When the scale is out of balance, it is the responsibility of the ________ to mediate the conflict between the ________ and ________

A

EGO

ID

SUPEREGO

33
Q

Weak ego will lead to ________

A

Anxiety

34
Q

To protect the ego from anxiety, we use ________________

A

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

35
Q

When the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or block unpleasant feelings

Pushes painful or stressful ideas into the subconscious

A

Repression

36
Q

Redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening people or objects

A

Displacement

37
Q

The ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety

A

Regression

38
Q

Attributing the unwanted impulse to another person

A

Projection

39
Q

Suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it with a creative cultural accomplishments

A

Sublimation

40
Q

Converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their opposites

Expressing the opposite feeling to what is actually felt

A

Reaction Formation

41
Q

Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique

A

Imaginary Audience

42
Q

One’s perception at herself, including ability-related perceptions and feelings about these ability related perceptions

Mental Representation

A

Self-Concept

43
Q

An overall evaluation of the self as a person of worth

Used to describe a person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value

In other words, it refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself

A

Self-Esteem

44
Q

perceived capabilities for learning or performing actions at designated levels

A

Self-Efficacy

45
Q

Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of ________

A

congruence

46
Q

Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past

A

Temporal Comparison

47
Q

Evaluating yourself in comparison to others - using others as a basis for evaluating your attributes

A

Social Comparison

48
Q

Two Modes of Social Comparison

A

Upward

Downward

49
Q

When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us

Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability

A

Upward Social Comparison

50
Q

When we compare ourselves to others who are worse off than ourselves

Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities

A person who i unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this to feel better about himself/herself

A

Downward Social Comparison

51
Q

Two Modes of Downward Social Comparison:

A

Passive Downward Comparison

Active Downward Comparison

52
Q

Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in making comparison

A

Passive Downward Comparison

53
Q

Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning or causing harm to them

By derogating the target or causing him/her, this person generates a situation in which target is worse off than him/her, therefore giving him/her the chance to make a downward comparison

A

Active Downward Comparison

54
Q

Occurs when someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself based on the person he/she compares himself/herself with

A

Self-Evaluation

55
Q

Occurs when the person questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with

A

Self-Enhancement

56
Q

A group to which an individual or another group is compared

A

Reference Group

57
Q

Autonomous and egocentric

A

Western Self

58
Q

Identity shared with others and derived from a culture instead of a “self”

A

Non-Western/Eastern Self

59
Q

A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of the universe and the society

A

Individualism

60
Q

A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society

People are fundamentally connected

Duty towards all others is a very important matter

A

Collectivism

61
Q

Traits of Individualistic Cultures:

A

Uniqueness

Autonomy

Independence

Self-Sufficiency

62
Q

Traits of Collectivistic Culture:

A

Social rules focus on promoting selflessness

Working as a group

Doing what’s best for society

Families and communities have a central role

63
Q

The self is the source of all sufferings. It is our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self in order to attain the state of Nirvana.

A

Buddhism (Siddharta Gautama)

64
Q

Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma) - the bad or good actions that the individual performed in a previous life determines his or her caste

A

Hinduism (Fusion of Various Indian Cultures and Traditions)

65
Q

Self does not exist without the existence of the other. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of otherness

A

Taoism (Lao-Tzu)

66
Q

Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of Confucius. It teaches how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people; focused on having a harmonious social life.

A

Confucianism (Confucius)

Understanding the Self (3 decks)

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