Unit 1

Question 1

Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain is called:

Answer 1

An anomaly

Question 2

A scientific theory has several functions. Which of the following is not a function of scientific theory?

Answer 2

Guide the scientist in rational descriptions

Question 3

According to Popper, scientific activity begins:

Answer 3

With a problem

Question 4

Historicism refers to the belief that:

Answer 4

The past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present.

Question 5

For Popper, a nonscientific theory

Answer 5

Can still be useful

Question 6

According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is:

Answer 6

A multi-paradigmatic science

Question 7

According to the author of your text, which of the following would be (an) appropriate part(a) of the answer to the question, “is psychology a science?”

Answer 7

All of these choices are appropriate answers

Question 8

According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?

Answer 8

The principle of falsifiability

Question 9

A currently popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from the brain activity is called:

Answer 9

Emergentism

Question 10

The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using:

Answer 10

Causal laws

Question 11

According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in:

Answer 11

Ignorance or, at best, opinion.

Question 12

For Plato, all knowledge was:

Answer 12

Innate

Question 13

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:

Answer 13

Occam’s razor

Question 14

According to Aristotle,________ possess a soul

Answer 14

All living things

Question 15

Those who said so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels were called:

Answer 15

Nominalists

Question 16

All of the following were true of Averroes’ philosophy except:

Answer 16

It was basically Platonistic

Question 17

Aristotle’s philosophy was highly influential in ________ during the so-called Dark Ages

Answer 17

The Arab world

Question 18

According to Aristotle, ________ was a spontaneous recollections of something that had been previously experienced and _______ involved an actual mental search for a past experience.

Answer 18

Remembering, recall

Question 19

What aspect of Aristotle’s philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?

Answer 19

The laws of association

Question 20

Which of the following was true of Aristotle’s philosophy?

Answer 20

It assumed that knowledge could be attained only by studying nature directly.

Question 21

Amount the Renaissance humanists, skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:

Answer 21

Mantaigne

Question 22

Regarding realism versus nominalism, Galileo was a/an:

Answer 22

Realist

Question 23

Deduction involves:

Answer 23

Predicting a particular event from a general principle

Question 24

According to Bacon, scientific theory:

Answer 24

Biased observations

Question 25

Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority?

Answer 25

The embracing of Aristotle’s empirical views

Question 26

Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory information because:

Answer 26

God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us.

Question 27

Galileo was among the first to conclude that:

Answer 27

A science is psychology (conscious experience) was impossible

Question 28

Luther criticized the Church of his day because it:

Answer 28

Drifted too far from the teachings Jesus and the Bible

Question 29

Copernicus argued that:

Answer 29

The earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory)

Question 30

According to Deism:

Answer 30

God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it.

Question 31

Who believed that science cannot be characterized by any set of prescribed methods, principles, or rules?

Answer 31

Feyerabend

Question 32

Historiography is

Answer 32

The study of the proper way to write history

Question 33

The position on the mind body problem question claiming that both mental events and bodily response occur simultaneously even though they two events are independent of each other is called

Answer 33

Psychophysical parallelism

Question 34

The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes

Answer 34

Determinist

Question 35

According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:

Answer 35

Make postdictions rather than predictions

Question 36

The _____ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information passively

Answer 36

Empiricist

Question 37

A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a:

Answer 37

Scientific Law

Question 38

The view that cognitive events that emerge from the brain activity can cause behaviour is representative of:

Answer 38

Interactionism

Question 39

The approach to studying the history of psychology involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea through the years:

Answer 39

Historical development approach

Question 40

The belief that human behaviour is determined but the causes of behaviour cannot be accurately measured is most compatible with:

Answer 40

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

Question 41

Using Kuhn’s terminology to describe the conditions of the 14th/15th centuries, all of the following were true except:

Answer 41

The period was characterized by the intense creativity that results when several paradigms coexist

Question 42

According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave is largely determined by

Answer 42

Biological inheritance

Question 43

The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called

Answer 43

Realism

Question 44

Plato’s philosophy ____ the development of science

Answer 44

Enhanced

Question 45

According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because

Answer 45

Their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses.

Question 46

According to Aristotle, the unmoved mover

Answer 46

Set nature in motion and did little else

Question 47

The particular form or pattern of an object is it’s _____ cause

Answer 47

Formal

Question 48

According to Plato

Answer 48

Nothing in the empirical world was perfect or knowable

Question 49

Abelards proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called

Answer 49

Conceptualism

Question 50

During the period before the renaissance, which of the following was NOT true

Answer 50

Scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged

Question 51

Giovanni Pico argued that

Answer 51

God had granted humans a unique position in the universe

Question 52

Galileo used experiments to do all the following except

Answer 52

Show that essences are important for explanations

Question 53

For Luther, the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism was

Answer 53

It’s assimilation of Aristotles philosophy

Question 54

Baconian science stressed

Answer 54

Generalized following careful empirical observation and similarities and differences noted

Question 55

Petrarch believed all of the following except

Answer 55

Scholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems

Question 56

The church responded to Galileo’s scientific achievements by

Answer 56

Making him recant his scientific conclusions

Question 57

According to renaissance humanists, aristotles philosophy had

Answer 57

Become too influential within the church

Question 58

Newton believed all of the following except

Answer 58

God created the universe, physical events can be understood interns if their purpose

Question 59

According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them constituted the

Answer 59

Idol of the tribe

Question 60

Luther believed the reason evil exists is

Answer 60

Unfathomable to humans; only God knows