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HIST 2181B: History Of Sexuality > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Michel Foucault was a philosopher and the first person to study what as an academic discipline?

A

History of sexuality

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2
Q

Studying history of sexuality started in 60’s/70’s as part of an era of emerging what ? (Give 2 examples)

A

Emerging Social Movements such as feminism and gay rights movement

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3
Q

Studying history of sexuality helped politicize what?

A

Those struggling for human rights related to sexuality (women, gay community)

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4
Q

Foucault argued that sex and sexuality were created by what?

A

Discourses about sex

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5
Q

What are examples of discourses, and what do these institutions teach us?

A

Body of knowledge created by various institutions and agencies in out society

ex: religious, medical, legislative, psychiatric and medical experts, media

Teach us how to behave sexually and what our attitudes should be about sexuality

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6
Q

Foucault argued there’s a connection between sexuality and what 2 things?

A

Knowledge and Power

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7
Q

Discourses about sex and the knowledge they produced controlled and regulated people’s what (3 things)?

A

Behaviour, self identity, and attitudes

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8
Q

Our behaviours and attitudes about sex are partly created by us as individuals, but generally are influenced by what? Give examples

A

Powerful influential bodies, ie: religion, medical and psychiatric profession

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9
Q

Theorists have regarded one’s sex is determined by ___ and one’s gender by ___.

A

Sex = biology
Gender = societal factors

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10
Q

Sex, gender, and sexuality are some combination of __ & __.
Beginning as ___ and then subjected to powerful societal ___ & ___ throughout our lives.

A

Combination of nature & nurture
Beginning as biological, and subjected to societal institutions and influences

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11
Q

True/False: sex and gender are interchangeable

A

false

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12
Q

True/False: Sex can describe actions, feelings, something you are, or one’s identity

A

True

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13
Q

True/False: Sexuality is fixed and doesn’t change over time and place

A

False

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14
Q

What is sex/sexuality/gender shaped by, and what kind of constructions are they?

A

Shaped by religion, medicine, legislation etc telling us what is socially acceptable
Part of social and historical constructions

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15
Q

True/False: The definition and meaning of sex and sexuality has stayed the same and hasn’t changed over time

A

False

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16
Q

How is Sex and sexuality mediated by various aspects of our culture?

A

By race, class, age, and marital status.

Also mediated over time - what was considered natural back then may be absurd today and vice versa

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17
Q

True/False: there was a golden age of unbridled sexuality where there were no political or legal constraints

A

False

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18
Q

Sexuality has always been heavily policed and punished by the elites, including who?

A

The church in Middle Ages, the state, the police, and the medical profession

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19
Q

True/False: Every society has had its rules and regulations about sex

A

True

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20
Q

What is Prescriptive literature, who wrote it, and did people always conform to it?

A

Advise literature written to teach ppl about sex, was written by clergy and doctors,
but people didn’t necessarily conform to it

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21
Q

Is sex and sexuality binary (opposites)? If not, then what is it?

A

No, it is a spectrum of identities, behaviours and feelings

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22
Q

Concepts of gender and sexuality can change in one’s life depending on what?

A

Depending on one’s life stage, circumstances, marriage, pregnancy, age, or traumatic experience

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23
Q

Sex and sexuality can be created by who?

A

Elites and everyday people

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24
Q

What is an example of the welfare and state of nations being intricately tied to issues of sex?

A

1 )Nations depend on monogamy and reproductive sex/families as a way to organize society to maintain social order
2) Population growth is needed for militaries and to create a work force

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25
Q

For the state, family implies ___. Through the family the state can perpetuate ___.

A

Implies stability.
Can perpetuate population growth

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26
Q

Capitalism depends on what?
Population growth creates demands for what?

A

Depends on sex.
Creates demands for consumer products

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27
Q

How has capitalism benefited from sex?

A

Advertising/marketing using sexualized images
Porn, prostitution, weddings and honeymoons

28
Q

What was it that laid the foundations of Christian sexuality?

A

Book of Genesis

29
Q

How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A

Through the conversion of emperor Constantine to Christianity in 313CE

30
Q

What was the greatest unrivalled influence in ideas and practices around sex from the Christian period to the Renaissance?

A

The church

31
Q

Men in Ancient Greece expressed very little interest in female what?

A

Female Sexual pleasure

32
Q

Who were the hetaerae?

A

Sophisticated, beautiful, intelligent influential women who stayed with men on a long term basis

33
Q

True/False: Men had free range to behave the way they wanted to and with whom they wanted in Ancient Greece

A

True

34
Q

In Ancient Greece, women were perceived as ___ and men were seen as ___.

A

Women= inferior, lustful and immoral
Men= rational

35
Q

At what age were girls married in Ancient Greece, and why was this age the norm?

A

12-13 years old, to ensure virginity before marriage

36
Q

True/False: Women in Ancient Greece generally had access to education and professions

A

False

37
Q

What sphere were men and women apart of in Ancient Greece?

A

Men= public sphere of work (complete freedom over sexuality)
Women= private sphere of home (loyal faithful wives/mothers)

38
Q

In Ancient Greece, marriages were based on ___ vs ___.

A

Based on economics vs sexual attraction or compatibility

39
Q

The main purpose of marriage in Ancient Greece beyond economics was the production of what?

A

Children (reproduction)

40
Q

What would be considered adultery in Ancient Greece?

A

Affair with another man’s wife

41
Q

Why were homosexual relationships encouraged in Ancient Greece?

A
  • considered essential in providing men with intellectual stimulation that they couldn’t get from their uneducated wives
  • way for women to not get power through their intimate relationships with men if they confided in their wives
42
Q

Why were the parents of young boys in Ancient Greece enthusiastic about homosexual relationships with older men?

A

The relationships were seen as mentoring, the older men would teach boys about finance, tutor them, teach them ways of life

43
Q

What role did older men take on in Ancient Greece in homosexual relationships, and what role did the younger boy take?

A

Older man: aggressor
Younger boy: passive recipient (emulate a woman)

44
Q

Genesis stated that men should have dominion over what?

A

All living things. (patriarchy)

45
Q

Who gets blamed for the fall of man?

A

Eve/women

46
Q

Why were Christian’s new attitudes and values strict?

A

They wanted to distinguish themselves from Jewish predecessors and pagan customs

47
Q

What did Christianity prioritize over marriage?

A

Service to God

48
Q

What did the disciple Paul completely dismiss and ignore? What did he emphasize instead?

A

Dismissed marriage, ignored procreation.
Emphasis on celibacy for the ultimate goal

49
Q

If eating the fruit of eden is equated with sex and sinfulness, then what is celibacy seen as?

A

Seen as the cure/remedy for that sinfulness

50
Q

Who were the Ascetics ?

A

people who opted for celibacy as a lifestyle. Celebrities of their day/spiritual athletes

51
Q

How was sexual behaviour monitored in medieval times?
(Week 1 reading)

A

Through confessions

52
Q

Which saint was the basic formula tor of western Christian attitudes?
(Week 1 reading)

A

St. Augustine

53
Q

St. Augustine argued that lust was an inevitable aftermath of what?
(Week 1 reading)

A

Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden of eden

54
Q

Augustine concluded that what was the highest good?

A

Celibacy

55
Q

In the medieval church, what was regarded as healing medicine for the soul?
(Week 1 reading)

A

Penance

56
Q

True/False: Christianity insisted that women were equally a special creation of God

A

True

57
Q

True/False: Jewish philosopher Philo assumed women were responsible for most of men’s ills

A

True

58
Q

When a woman wishes to serve Christ more than the world, then she will cease to be a woman and will be called what instead? - St. Jerome
(Week 1 reading)

A

Called man

59
Q

What is a type of way women would protect their virginity in medieval times?
(Week 1 reading)

A

Women would grow beards
(female transvestite saints )

60
Q

True/False: The Christian church believed prostitution was a necessary evil

A

True
(Although celibacy was preferred)

61
Q

True/False: if prostitues were not available, even worse sins might result

A

True

62
Q

Medieval attitudes towards prostitutes was seen as both temptress, and what?

(Week 1 reading)

A

A possible convert

63
Q

A great sinner could become a great what?

(Week 1 reading)

A

A great saint

64
Q

The enjoyment of sex was essentially reserved for who?

(Week 1 reading)

A

Sinners

65
Q

For those who could not adopt celibacy as the way of life, what was permitted?

(Week 1 reading)

A

Marriage

HIST 2181B: History Of Sexuality (4 decks)

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