Unit 1

Question 1

Types of medical interventions

Answer 1

Genetics: braille, gene therapy, bone marrow transplant
Medical aids: glasses, braces, insoles, contacts
Medicine: advil, Tylenol, ibuprofen
Surgery: Botox, transplant, nose job
Rehab: crypto therapy, acupuncture, chemotherapy
Diagnostics: MRI scans, blood tests, thermometer
Immunology: ELISA, vaccines, antibiotics
Hygiene: comb, shampoo, floss

Question 2

What is an outbreak

Answer 2

Is a sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease

Question 3

Steps of ELISA

Answer 3

1: antigens in the sample bind to the sides of the wells
2: primary antibody binds to the specific antigen
3: secondary antigen (conjugated to an enzyme) binds to primary antibody
4: substrate reacts with the enzyme to produce a color change

Question 4

Examples of ELISA tests

Answer 4

Pregnancy and COVID tests

Question 5

Antibody/antigen

Answer 5

Antigens cause disease while antibodies fight them

Question 6

Pathogen

Answer 6

A tiny thing that causes disease

Question 7

Antigen-antibody complex

Answer 7

Complex formed by the binding of an antibody to an antigen and initiate immune responses

Question 8

steps of BLAST

Answer 8

• Step 1: Given query sequence Q, compile the list of possible words which form with words in Q high scoring word pairs.
• Step 2: Scan database for exact matching with the list of words complied in step 1.
• Step 3: Extending hits from step 2.
• Step 4: Evaluating significance of extended hits from step 3.

Question 9

What is BLAST used for

Answer 9

to identify portions that align with or are the same as existing sequences.

Question 10

Explain how antibiotics prevent growth of E. coli on specific bacterial plates- how & why?

Answer 10

disrupt essential processes or structures in the bacterial cell. This either kills the bacterium or slows down bacterial growth. With a specific antibiotic, it would be able to prevent the growth of E. coli.

Question 11

Why did the E. coli I strain grow on both the LB agar plate and the LB agar plate with streptomycin but not grow on the LB agar plate with ampicillin?

Answer 11

It did not grow on the LB agar plate with ampicillin because it was not affected by the specific antibiotic to stop the growth of the bacteria. The ampicillin plate was affected by the antibiotic resulting in no bacteria growth

Question 12

Transformation

Answer 12

a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment

Question 13

Transduction

Answer 13

DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus

Question 14

Conjugation

Answer 14

DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells.

Question 15

difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Answer 15

(+)
1 thick
no outer lipid membrane
purple
exotoxins
stains easier
few patho
inner membrane
treatable antibiotics
(-)
2 thin
outer lipid membrane
pink
endotoxins
harder to stain
tend to be patho
inner/outer membrane
harder to treat antibiotics

Question 16

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 16

A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism

Question 17

What happens if you finish your medication and what happens if you don’t?

Answer 17

Even if your symptoms go away, the bacteria may still be present in your body. If you stop treatment before the antibiotic cycle is over, the remaining bacteria can continue to multiply and become resistant to antibiotics.
They may directly attack the bacterial cell wall, which injures the cell.

Question 18

differences between frequency & amplitude.

Answer 18

Frequency is a measurement of cycles per second, and amplitude is a measurement of how large a wave is

Question 19

difference between conductive & sensorineural hearing loss, where they occur, examples, and interventions for both.

Answer 19

Conductive hearing loss - occurs when sound conduction is impeded through the external ear, the middle ear, or both.
Intervention: hearing aids
Sensorineural hearing loss - occurs when there is a problem within the cochlea or the neural pathway to the auditory cortex.
Intervention: Hearing aids, cochlear/brainstem implants

Question 20

the outer part of the ear that takes the sound waves and puts them into the ear canal that will amplify the sounds.

Answer 20

Pinna

Question 21

where sound waves enter

Answer 21

Auditory canal

Question 22

drains fluids and balances air pressure within the ear.

Answer 22

Eustachian tube

Question 23

allows the transmission of sound waves by attaching the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

Answer 23

Ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)

Question 24

acquires the vibrations from the outer ear and takes them to the ossicles in the middle ear and acts as a protection barrier.

Answer 24

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Question 25

interprets the sound vibrations into electrical impulses so the brain can determine each sound frequencies.

Answer 25

Cochlea

Question 26

supports and balances the transmission of sound vibrations into electrical impulses that get relayed to the brain.

Answer 26

Sensory hair cells

Question 27

transports the generated electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain.

Answer 27

Cochlear nerve

Question 28

initiates hearing receptors and the fluid fluctuations in the cochlea.

Answer 28

Oval window

Question 29

transmits signals to the brain with different strengths in velocity.

Answer 29

Vestibule

Question 30

balances the cochlear nerve.

Answer 30

Vestibular nerve

Question 31

How vaccinations work

Answer 31

Vaccines work by having a weak antigen that will alert the immune system to respond within the body. This produces a “memory” in the body. This will help prepare the body to fight off the infection when recognized.

Question 32

Harmless; contain recognizable antigens on the surface
Microbes don’t multiply, needing boosters or more doses

Answer 32

Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses

Question 33

Vaccines last longer & require fewer boosters
Disease agent can mutate back into pathogenic strain

Answer 33

attenuated (weakened) cell or viruses

Question 34

Purified toxin produced by the antigen used to elicit immune response

Answer 34

Toxoid Vaccines

Question 35

Genes for microbial agents are inserted into a plasmid vector and are clones in appropriate hosts
The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune response

Answer 35

Genetically engineered microbes/ microbial agents

Question 36

These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cell

Answer 36

DNA Vaccines

Question 37

Types of administered vaccines

Answer 37

Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal

Question 38

role of an epidemiologist in an outbreak

Answer 38

search for the cause of disease, identify people who are at risk, determine how to control or stop the spread or prevent it from happening again

Question 39

What is herd immunity and how does it work?

Answer 39

Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes immune to a disease
More immune people = decreases incidence of the disease and occurrence of the pathogen

Question 40

attack rate

Answer 40

Attack rate = number of people at risk who develop a certain illness/the total number of people at risk

Question 41

sources of an outbreak

Answer 41

Bacteria, viruses, parasites

Question 42

steps of bacterial transformation

Answer 42

Step [1] Remove Plasmid from bacteria cell.
Step [2] Isolate the gene of interest.
Step [3] cut open plasmid with restriction enzymes, leaves “Sticky ends”.
Step [4] insert gene of interest.
Step [5] Insert the Plasmid with Recombinant DNA into a new bacterium.
(1) competent cell preparation -
(2) transformation of cells
(3) cell recovery
(4) cell plating