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MI > 3.1 Detecting cancer > Flashcards

3.1 Detecting cancer Flashcards

1
Q

5 risk factors for Cancer

A

Smoking
Radiation/UV ray exposure
Viral Infections
Genetic Mutations
Unhealthy Lifestyle

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2
Q

Cancers associated w/risk factor

A
  1. Smoking - Lung, oral, colon, bladder, & breast cancers
  2. Radiation/UV ray exposure - Skin cancer
  3. Viral Infections - HPV=cervical cancer, Epstein-Barr virus= lymphoma, Hep B= liver cancer
  4. Genetic Mutations (inherited) - BRCA1 & BRCA2 mutations  breast & ovarian cancer
  5. Unhealthy Lifestyle (overweight, no exercise) - Colon & prostate cancer
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3
Q

most ______ perform ______ _____ to help identify & start to treat medical conditions

A

radiologists
diagnostic imaging

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4
Q

imaging can clue in on cancers like_______  _____ _____can identify tumor in bone, MRI can identify strange masses in bone (especially when cancer has metastasized), bone scan shows entire skeleton & where cancer has spread (tracks active bone changes “hot spots”)

A

osteosarcoma
x-ray

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5
Q

Images of bones, teeth, lungs,
breasts, heart, blood vessels,
digestive tract

A

X-ray

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6
Q
  • Computerized (Axial) Tomography
  • VERY DETAILED images -> especially of
    bones, chest, abdomen, pelvis, spine,
    brain
A

CT scan

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7
Q

 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Brain, spine, joints, abdomen,
blood vessels, pelvis

A

MRI

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8
Q
  • Type of nuclear imaging test
     Helps diagnose & track several
    bones diseases & cancers like
    osteosarcoma
A

Bone scan

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9
Q

VERY DETAILED images

A

CT scan

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10
Q

 NO RADIATION= SUPER SAFE

A

MRI

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11
Q

 EXTREMELY SENSITIVE

A

Bone scan

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12
Q

 Quick & painless, but exposed to
radiation
 MAY have to inject a contrast dye
to help w/ imaging
 Hard to be done on ppl w/
implanted devices

A

X-ray

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13
Q

 Painless & non-invasive
 More detail than X-ray  more accurate
diagnoses of cancers like lung, bowel,
liver, & kidney cancers
 Can be done on ppl w/ implanted metal
devices
 Exposed to radiation

A

CT scan

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14
Q

 NO RADIATION= SUPER SAFE
 Great detail of soft tissue 
identification & diagnoses of
diseases

A

MRI

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15
Q

 EXTREMELY SENSITIVE to
variations in bone metabolism &
abnorms.
 Small amt. radiation

A

Bone scan

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16
Q

Procedure:
 Machine send photons (X-ray
particles) into body to come in
contact w/ tissues & produce
image on metal film
 Shows 2D image
 Dense structures like bone appear
white b/c absorb radiation
 Structures including air appear
black
 Muscle, fat, fluid appear gray

A

X-ray

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17
Q

Procedure:
 Performed in large X-ray tube  patient
lays down & is inserted into tube
 Tube rotates around patients to get
multiple images of different slivers of
body
 Multiple X-ray images from different
angle produced  cross-sectional
images of bones & soft tissue

A

CT scan

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18
Q

Procedure:
 Performed inside large,
magnetic tube
 Person lies down while
machine scans body by turning
small magnets on & off within
tube
 Magnets send radio waves thru
body  waves bounce back &
are interpreted by MRI
machine to produce image
 Produces cross-sectional
images, especially for SOFT
TISSUES

A

MRI

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19
Q

Procedure:
 Injected w/ tracers (tiny
radioactive particles called
radionuclides) that will circulate
thru body & get absorbed into
bones
 Patient lies on table while
machine passes a gamma
camera over them to record
patterns of tracer absorption
 2D images that examine
skeleton for abnorms.

A

Bone scan

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20
Q

a malignant tumor of cells growing uncontrollably

A

cancer

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21
Q

50 divisions, but cancer cells grow indefinitely

A

Cell cycle limit

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22
Q

______ _____ gets damaged when dividing & breaks free from normal cell division limits

A

ONE CELL

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23
Q

_____ ___ ____ in nucleus often  cancer

A

changes in DNA

24
Q

cells typically die after 50 divisions. Why?

A

 prevents them from becoming too damaged

25
Q

____ occur spontaneously or b/c of radiation & chemicals

A

mutations

25
Q

____ occur spontaneously or b/c of radiation & chemicals

A

mutations

26
Q

CANCEROUS cells ____ ____ (tumors) & in ___ ___ ___ ___

A

different shapes & sizes

27
Q

ALL CANCEROUS CELLS ARE UNIQUE FROM EACHOTHER  treatments only kill SOME of the
cancer cells, while others are resistant

A

-

28
Q

 To identify cancer, will first do screenings then a ____ will confirm malignant cells

A

biopsy

29
Q

_____  “cell suicide” that SHOULD occur when DNA is damaged; cancer cells won’t
undergo apoptosis

A

Apoptosis

30
Q

______  vessels created that connect to tumors – FEED tumors & let them spread

A

Angiogenesis

31
Q

-______ “everywhere staying” – when tumor spreads from original tumor post angiogenesis

A

Metastasis

32
Q

_____- a transcription factor that codes for the transcription of a gene that will release protein to
end cell cycle – triggers the release of a protein that induces apoptosis

A

p53

33
Q

 “accelerator/GAS PEDAL”
 Responsible for telling cells when to divide
-> only when need new cells

A

HEALTHY = PROTO-ONCOGENE

34
Q

 Are induced/turned up in cancer cells
 Like the “gas pedal being stuck down” 
will allow cells to divide without necessary
signals
 When cells allowed to grow infinitely, more
likely to mutate  CAUSE cancer

A

CANCEROUS = ONCOGENE

35
Q

 “brakes” of cell division
 Responsible for telling cells to stop dividing once
enough cells have been created
 Have two copies of genes  even if one damaged,
can still stop division – p53 gene

A

HEALTHY= TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE

36
Q

 Suppressed/turned down in cancer
 No longer stop cell division  cancerous cells
continue to grow w/ mutated DNA

A

CANCEROUS = MUTATED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE

37
Q

 “editors of the newspaper” –ACTIVE
WITHIN THE CELL CYCLE
 code for proteins that fix errors in DNA
 TYPE of tumor suppressor gene
 Needed to prevent cancer
CANCEROUS = MUTATED DNA RE

A

HEALTHY= DNA REPAIR GENE

38
Q

 Suppressed/turned down by cancer
 “drunk editors” not doing their job to fix
the DNA
 BRCA1 & BRCA2

A

CANCEROUS = MUTATED DNA REPAIR GENE

39
Q

 ___ ____ = gene “chip” that allows us to look @ thousands of genes
at once  study GENE EXPRESSION

A

DNA microarray

40
Q

PROCESS:
1. Collect Tissue Samples
2. Isolate RNA - (dissolve sample into solution so RNA stays in supernatant
& all else trashed)
3. Isolate mRNA – only mRNA contain “Poly-A” tails, so wash the RNA over
columns w/ small beads that will bind w/ tails then rinse into other tube
4. Make Labeled DNA Copy – add green labeling mix to healthy sample &
red to cancerous (labeling mix= make complementary DNA strands to
the RNA (cDNA) that correspond to genes)
5. Apply DNA- (little piles of single-stranded DNA already on microarray;
each spot has identical copies of one gene that’s tracked in computer
database); add cDNA from mix & the stands will bind onto spots
6. Scan Microarray – scan green & red separately, then combine image
7. Analyze Data

A

DNA microarray

41
Q

___= expressed in healthy cells, but TURNED DOWN in cancer (b/c no
red cDNA attached)  mutated like mutated tumor suppressor genes

A

Green

42
Q

____= not expressed in healthy cells, but TURNED UP in cancer (b/c no
green cDNA attached)  mutated like oncogene

A

Red

43
Q

____= expressed EQUALLY in healthy & cancerous cells, expression not
affected by cancer  no mutation

A

Yellow

44
Q

____= gene expressed in NEITHER healthy or cancerous cells

A

BLACK

45
Q

 Convert colors to numbers
based on intensity of red &
green  the____ the
color, the_____ the number

A

BRIGHTER
HIGHER

46
Q

 Ratio GREATER than 1 =

A

gene induced by tumor formation (red>green)

47
Q

 Ratio LESS than 1 =

A

gene suppressed by tumor formation (green> red)

48
Q

 Ratio EQUAL TO 1 =

A

gene not affected by tumor growth
(green copies=red copies)

49
Q

 Ratio of ZERO =

A

gene not expressed in either cell (black)

50
Q

positive =

A

gene expressions behave similarly

51
Q

positive =

A

gene expressions behave similarly

52
Q

negative =

A

gene expressions behave oppositely

53
Q

one=

A

gene expressions identical

54
Q

zero =

A

gene expressions behave in unrelated manner

MI (6 decks)

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