UNIT 1 Flashcards
what is the function of the axial bones and appendicular upper/lower skeletons?
axial bones- protects vital organs: such as the heart
appendicular upper/lower- these are used for movement
name all of the bones in the axial skeleton (9)
cranium
sternum
ribs
vertebra column= cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
name all of the bones in the appendicular upper skeleton (9)
clavicle
scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
name all of the appendicular lower skeleton
(11)
pelvis
ilium
ishchum
pubis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
Name the functions of the skeleton
shape- defines the shape of your face, as well as your height: cranium
support- provides attachment points for the for your organs (something for them to attach to)
protection-protects the vital organs, therefore, they are less vulnerable
movement- bones provide attachment points for the muscles to move: fibula–> femur
blood cell production- the inside of bones contains bone marrow, this is where red and white blood cells are produced (can be any bone in the body)
mineral storage- bones provide a place for your body to store calcium and phosphorous (any bone in the body)
what are the types of bones
long- bones that are longer than they are wide: tibia
short- bones that are short and almost cubic in shape:carpal bones
flat- bones that are flatter than they are wide: scapula
irregular- bones that dont fit into any other category
seasmoid- similar to short bones; however, they are within a tendon: the patella
what are the classification of joints
fixed- bones that allow no movement
slightly movable or cartilaginous- joins bones together with cartilage only. these joints allow small movement
freely movable or synovial- allow greater ranges of movement, these are further divided into smaller groups.
what are the types of synovial joints
hinge joints- move in one plane
ball and socket- allow movement in four directions
pivot- move in one plane. the bones move together as a pin in a groove
condyloid- allow movement in three planes
saddle joints- are strong and allow movement in three planes
gliding- they allow little movement in a number of different ways, for instance the lower vertebrae
structure of synovial joints
articular/hyaline cartilage- the smooth and glossy consistency enables bones to move against each other without friction.
ligaments-hold two end of bones together, ensuring stability while ebabling movement
synovial membrane-a layer that hold the synovial fluid
synovial fluid-is a thick, white fluid that helps to reduce friction in a joint
mensci-are pads of tissue that lie between the articular cartilage and sit within the synovial fluid. they act as shock absobers
pads of fat- also act as friction removers
bursae-small sacks filled with fluid
joint capsules-protective layers around a joint
key terms for muscle contractions
agonist- describes the muscle(s) responsible for the movement
antagonist- describes the muscle(s) that relax in response to the active muscle
fixator- describes the muscles(s) that help to stabilize a joint or joints
types of muscle contractions
concentric- muscle is contracting but getting shorter
eccentric- muscle is contraction but getting longer
isometric- muscle is contracting but stays the same length
what are the tree types of muscles twitch fibers
slow oxidative twitch fibres: marathon runners
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres: 400 metre
fast glycolytic fibres: 100 metre sprinter
