LO1 UNDERSTAND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM IN RELATION TO EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE

Question 1

axial bones job role

appendicular bones job role

Answer 1

axial bones protect organs, such as the heart

appendicular bones allow the body to move

Question 2

name all of the axial bones

Answer 2

cranium
sternum
ribs
cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx

Question 3

all of the appendicular upper bones

Answer 3

clavicle
scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges

Question 4

all of the appendicular lower bones

Answer 4

pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
tarsals
metatarsals

Question 5

the functions of the skeletal system

Answer 5

movement- bones provide attachment points for muscles

protection-protects vital organs

mineral storage-bones store calcium

blood cell production - bones contain marrow which is used to create red and white blood cells

shape-defines how you look

support-skeleton provides support for organs

Question 6

types of bones

Answer 6

long-longer than they are wide

short-cubic in shape

flat-flater than they are wide

seasmoid-within a tendon

irregular-dont fit into another category

Question 7

three classifications of joints

Answer 7

fixed or fused joints- they allow no movement, for example the cranium

slightly movable or cartilaginous joints -joins bones together with cartilage only, allow small movement, for example vertebrae

freely movable or synovial joints-allow much greater range of movement, for example knee

Question 8

types of synovial joints

Answer 8

saddle- allow movement in three planes, for instance thumbs

hinge-moves in one plane, for instance elbow

pivot-move in one plane, for instance radioulna

gliding-allow little movement in a number of different ways, for instance lower vertebrae

condyloid- allows movement in three planes, for example wrist

ball and socket joints-allow movement in four planes-shoulder/hips

Question 9

structure and function of synovial joints

Answer 9

articular/hyaline cartilage- reduces friction, found at the end of bones

ligaments-connects bone to bone

synovial membrane-holds the synovial fluid,prevents it from leaking

synovial fluid-helps to reduce friction

menisci- acts as shock absorbers, reduces impact on bone ends

pads of fat-helps to reduce friction within the joint

bursae-small sacks filled with fluid, reduces friction

joint capsules-holds everything within the joint, acts as the protective layer around the joint

Question 10

joint movements

Answer 10

flexion and extensions- the bending of a joint where the bones are brought closer together or moved apart

lateral flexion-related to the bending from side to side

abduction and adduction-the movement of a body part moving from from and towards the midline of the body

horizontal abduction and adduction, flexion and extensions- refers specifically to the ball and socket joints

medial and lateral rotation- movement to away from and towards the midline fo the body

circumduction- combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

pronation and supernation- rotation of the forearm

doreflexion and plantar flexion-pointing foot and toes toward the ground and upwards

Question 11

short term effects of physical activity on the skeletal system

Answer 11

increased production of synovial fluid in the within the joints, this reduced the impact and increases the range of movement

high impact sports increase the risk of injury to joints and bones