Unit 1 Flashcards
Similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits
Group
What are the three domains? 
Bacteria, Archaea (both Prokaryotes),
and Eukaryotes
What is the order for taxonomy classifications? 
(Biotype, serotype, or genotype)
•domain
•Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Families
• Genus
• Species 
What is the main thing prokaryotes lack Compared to eukaryotes?
Lack of nuclear membrane (pronucleus) 
Live in extreme environmental conditions such as extreme temps, high salt concentration, jet fuel
Archaea 
This is neither viral nor bacterial nor fungal nor any genetic material
Prions
This is believed to be the smallest infectious protein particle
Prions (Cause neurological conditions)
The prion proteins shape is more resistant to the __________ enzyme.
Protease
What are examples of neurological diseases that can be fatal that are caused by prions?
•scrapie (in sheep and goats)
•bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow disease)
•Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans 
All bacteria have plasma membranes but some don’t have __________. 
Cell walls
What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes lack. 
• ER
• Ribosomes
• Nuclear membrane
• Membrane-bound organelles(endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids, lysosomes, and vacuoles)
Prokaryotes cell walls are made of…
Peptidoglycan
What structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have for movement?
Prokaryotes- Pili, fimbria (for adhesion), and flagella (for propulsion)
Eukaryotes- cilia or flagella (for movement) 
What is the cell size range for prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 
Prokaryotes- 0.5 to 100  micrometers
Eukaryotes 10-150 Micrometers
 Microbial growth is an increase in the number of ______ rather than an increase in size
Cells
Understanding the requirements for microbial growth allows us to…
Determine how to control the growth of microbes
What is the unit for measurement of bacteria?
Micron or micrometer
Micrometer = 10^-3 mm
What is the size for Cocci?
Bacilli? 
1 micrometer
0.5-1 in width and 3 Micrometers in length
No flagella
Atrichous (diptheriae)
One flagellum
Monotrichous (V. cholera)
Each flagellum at both ends (2 total)
Amiphitrichous (A. Faecalis)
Bunch of Flagellum at one end 
Lophotrichous (Psudomonas)
Bunch of flagella at both ends
Cephalotrichous (Rhodospirillum rubum)
Flagella over the entire bacterial cell
Peritrichous (E. coli)
What is the root for flagella?
Trichous
can grow with or without oxygen but grow better in oxygen (growth seen throughout the tube but more at the top)
Facilitative anaerobes (More bacterial growth seen at top but also seen spread throughout) 
Anaerobic but can withstand oxygen environments
Aerotolerant anaerobes (growth seen evenly throughout)
These bacteria only need very little oxygen
Microaerophiles (growth only seen a little ways down the tube. No growth on top or the bottom 2/3) 
Growth only at the top of the tube
Obligate aerobes 
Growth on the seen at the very bottom of the tube
Obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that live in cold around 15°C (0-20) 
Psychrophile (Vibrio marinus)
Bacteria that live in very cold conditions at around 5°C (-2 to 10) 
Extreme psychrophiles (Raphidonema nivale “snow algae”)
Bacteria that live in moderate conditions Close to body temperature At around 24 to 40°C (10-15 to 35-40) 
Mesophiles
Organisms that live in 45 to 55°C (37-70)
They are mesophiles but can survive higher temperatures as well
Facilitative thermophile
Bacteria that have to live in high temperatures at around 70 to 75°C (45 to 85-90) 
Obligate thermophile
Bacteria that live in extremely high temperatures at around 75 to 80°C (60 to 85-110) 
Extreme thermophile
How many bacteria are in the large intestine?
14 trillion
Bacteria that live in a pH of 2-3 (0.8-5)
Acidophile
Bacteria that live in a pH of 6.8-7.4 (6.5-7.5) 
Neutrophiles
Bacteria that live in a pH of 9-10.5 (7 to 11-11.5)
Alkalinophile 
Bacteria that live in a high salt concentration of 1-2 (0.5- 4-4.5) 
Halophilic
Bacteria that live in an extremely high salt concentration of 3.5 (3-5.2) 
Extreme halophiles
 bacteria are classified based on nutrition into what three categories?
A. Source of energy
B. Hydrogen/electron donor
C. Carbon source
What are the different sources of energy for bacteria?
• light energy- photo
• Chemical energy
-Inorganic- litho
-organic- organic 
 hydrogen/electron donor can be from what two categories?
• inorganic- litho
• Organic- Organic 
What are the carbon sources for bacteria?
•CO2- auto
•organic- hetero
What is the endotoxin on the outside of gram-Negative bacteria? What is it composed of?
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipid + carbohydrate
What is bacteria cells walls made of? What’s the difference in the cell wall between gram-positive and gram-negative
Peptidoglycan
Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall that is 4-5 times thicker.
Graham negative have an outer membrane of Lipopolysaccharide outside the cell wall
What are two things that gram-negative bacteria have that gram-positive do not?
-outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharide
-Periplasmic space
A total outer thickness for gram positive and gram negative bacteria are…. 
The same
What is peptidoglycan made out of?
Protein + Complex carbohydrate
Do all bacteria have cell walls?
Most but not all
What does alcohol dissolve on gram-negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide (The outer membrane)
________________ is resistant to the decolorizer/alcohol
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria that contain __________ acid, Cannot be easily dissolved, so it retains the acid fast stain
Mycolic
This is the measure or degree of pathogenicity
Virulence
Properties of pathogens that enable them to attach to host cells, scape destruction by host defense systems, and invade tissue
Virulence factors
Virulence factor used for attachment
Pili
(Neisseria gonorrhea attachment to urethral walls)
Virulence factor that makes the pathogen antiphagocytic
Capsule
Virulence factor used for mobility and invasion
Flagella
Virulence factor that is secreted to destroy tissue
Exoenzymes (Coagulase, Kinase, Hemolysin, Collagenase,
Hyaluronidase)
-Virulence factor that is common to almost all Graham negative bacteria
-Composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell envelope
-released when I grammed negative bacterial cell is destroyed
Endotoxins
What are the effects of endotoxins?
-Disruption of clotting, causing clots to form throughout the body
-fever
-Activation of compliment and immune system
-Circulatory changes that lead to hypotension, shock, and death
-Virulence factor most commonly associated with gram-positive bacteria
-produced and released by living bacteria and do not require bacterial death for release
Exotoxins
Specific toxins target specific host cells; the type
of toxin varies with the bacterial species
• Some kill host cells and help spread bacteria in
tissues (e.g., enzymes that destroy key biochemical
tissue components or specifically destroy host cell
membranes)
• Some destroy or interfere with specific intracellular
activities (e.g., interruption of protein synthesis,
interruption of internal cell signals, or interruption of
the neuromuscular system)
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What type of toxins are released when the bacterial cell is destroyed ? And which type of toxin is released by living bacteria? 
Endotoxin (gram neg)
Exotoxin (gram positive)
What are microbial factors that contribute to colonization on host surfaces?
-survival against environmental conditions
-Achieving attachment and adherence to host cell surfaces
-other factors such as motility, Being able to coexist with other colonizing organisms, and production of substances that compete with the host for essential nutrients
Term used when micro organisms take up residence in or on host body
Colonization 
What are the steps in pathogenesis?
-entry
-Attachment to tissue
-Multiplication
-Invasion (spread)
-Evasion of host defenses
-Damage to host tissue
Term used when tHe organism causes no harm or benefit to the host (neutral)
Commensalism
- most bacteria fall into this category
Unilateral benefit of the microoganism to the host
Parasitism
When there is a reciprocal benefit of the host and the microorganism
Mutualism
Organisms that reside in or on our bodies on a semi permanent basis without causing disease
Normal flora
What are the four main sites for normal flora?
-skin
-Mouth, nose, and throat
-G.I. tract
-Lower Genitourinary tract
What the two modes of transmission?
• Direct: Transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host
• indirect: Transmitted to host via intervening agents
Intervening agent in the mode of Transmission that is a living organism such as animals, insects, and other humans
Vectors
Intervening agent in the mode of transmission that is non-living such as water, food, air, medical devices, and other inanimate objects
Vehicles
What are some microorganism sources (Reservoirs)?
humans, animals, food, water, air, soil
Nonspecific host defense responses include what lines of defense? 
First and second line of defense
Specific responses in the host defense system is the _____ line of defense. 
3rd
What are nonspecific response is in the host defense system?
-physical barriers
-Phagocytosis
-Inflammation
-complement
What are some specific responses in the host defense system (3rd line of defense)? 
-antibody-mediated immunity
-cell-mediated immunity
Engulfing and ingesting foreign materials by white blood cells
Phagocytosis
What are the two professional phagocytes? 
• macrophages
• Neutrophils
What are three phagocytes?
Neutrophils (PMNs), Macrophages, and dendritic cells.
-localizes the infection
-Prevent spread of pathogen
-Neutralizes toxins
-Aids in repairing damaged tissue
Inflammation
What is the primary mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissue and organs? Can be both cellular and biochemical.
Inflammation
What are the four different parts of inflammation? where does it start?
• phagocytosis
• Complement system
• Cytokines
• Coagulation system
Inflammationcan start at any one of the steps and move forward 
What are three signs of Inflammation?
Swelling, redness, heat, and pain
- Attact cells and biochemical
mediators of defense - Facilitate removal of infectious agents by lymphatic system
- Wall off and limit extension
of invasion - Supplement and interact with
immune susiem delenses
15°C (0-20)
Psychrophile
5°C (-2 to 10)
Extreme psychrophile 
24 to 40°C (10-15 to 35-40)
Mesophile 
45 to 55°C (37 to 70) 
Facultative thermophile
70-75°C  (45 to 85-90)
Obligate thermophile
75 to 80°C (60 to 85-110)
Extreme thermophile
