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Medical Microbiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits

A

Group

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2
Q

What are the three domains? 

A

Bacteria, Archaea (both Prokaryotes),

and Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What is the order for taxonomy classifications? 

A

(Biotype, serotype, or genotype)
•domain
•Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Families
• Genus
• Species 

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4
Q

What is the main thing prokaryotes lack Compared to eukaryotes?

A

Lack of nuclear membrane (pronucleus) 

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5
Q

Live in extreme environmental conditions such as extreme temps, high salt concentration, jet fuel

A

Archaea 

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6
Q

This is neither viral nor bacterial nor fungal nor any genetic material

A

Prions

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7
Q

This is believed to be the smallest infectious protein particle

A

Prions (Cause neurological conditions)

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8
Q

The prion proteins shape is more resistant to the __________ enzyme.

A

Protease

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9
Q

What are examples of neurological diseases that can be fatal that are caused by prions?

A

•scrapie (in sheep and goats)
•bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow disease)
•Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans 

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10
Q

All bacteria have plasma membranes but some don’t have __________. 

A

Cell walls

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11
Q

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes lack. 

A

• ER
• Ribosomes
• Nuclear membrane
• Membrane-bound organelles(endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids, lysosomes, and vacuoles)

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12
Q

Prokaryotes cell walls are made of…

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

What structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have for movement?

A

Prokaryotes- Pili, fimbria (for adhesion), and flagella (for propulsion)

Eukaryotes- cilia or flagella (for movement) 

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14
Q

What is the cell size range for prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 

A

Prokaryotes- 0.5 to 100  micrometers

Eukaryotes 10-150 Micrometers

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15
Q

 Microbial growth is an increase in the number of ______ rather than an increase in size

A

Cells

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16
Q

Understanding the requirements for microbial growth allows us to…

A

Determine how to control the growth of microbes

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17
Q

What is the unit for measurement of bacteria?

A

Micron or micrometer

Micrometer = 10^-3 mm

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18
Q

What is the size for Cocci?
Bacilli? 

A

1 micrometer
0.5-1 in width and 3 Micrometers in length

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19
Q

No flagella

A

Atrichous (diptheriae)

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20
Q

One flagellum

A

Monotrichous (V. cholera)

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21
Q

Each flagellum at both ends (2 total)

A

Amiphitrichous (A. Faecalis)

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22
Q

Bunch of Flagellum at one end 

A

Lophotrichous (Psudomonas)

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23
Q

Bunch of flagella at both ends

A

Cephalotrichous (Rhodospirillum rubum)

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24
Q

Flagella over the entire bacterial cell

A

Peritrichous (E. coli)

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25
Q

What is the root for flagella?

A

Trichous

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26
Q

can grow with or without oxygen but grow better in oxygen (growth seen throughout the tube but more at the top)

A

Facilitative anaerobes (More bacterial growth seen at top but also seen spread throughout) 

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27
Q

Anaerobic but can withstand oxygen environments

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes (growth seen evenly throughout)

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28
Q

These bacteria only need very little oxygen

A

Microaerophiles (growth only seen a little ways down the tube. No growth on top or the bottom 2/3) 

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29
Q

Growth only at the top of the tube

A

Obligate aerobes 

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30
Q

Growth on the seen at the very bottom of the tube

A

Obligate anaerobes

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31
Q

Bacteria that live in cold around 15°C (0-20) 

A

Psychrophile (Vibrio marinus)

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32
Q

Bacteria that live in very cold conditions at around 5°C (-2 to 10) 

A

Extreme psychrophiles (Raphidonema nivale “snow algae”)

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33
Q

Bacteria that live in moderate conditions Close to body temperature At around 24 to 40°C (10-15 to 35-40) 

A

Mesophiles

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34
Q

Organisms that live in 45 to 55°C (37-70)
They are mesophiles but can survive higher temperatures as well

A

Facilitative thermophile

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35
Q

Bacteria that have to live in high temperatures at around 70 to 75°C (45 to 85-90) 

A

Obligate thermophile

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36
Q

Bacteria that live in extremely high temperatures at around 75 to 80°C (60 to 85-110) 

A

Extreme thermophile

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37
Q

How many bacteria are in the large intestine?

A

14 trillion

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38
Q

Bacteria that live in a pH of 2-3 (0.8-5)

A

Acidophile

39
Q

Bacteria that live in a pH of 6.8-7.4 (6.5-7.5) 

A

Neutrophiles

40
Q

Bacteria that live in a pH of 9-10.5 (7 to 11-11.5)

A

Alkalinophile 

41
Q

Bacteria that live in a high salt concentration of 1-2 (0.5- 4-4.5) 

A

Halophilic

42
Q

Bacteria that live in an extremely high salt concentration of 3.5 (3-5.2) 

A

Extreme halophiles

43
Q

 bacteria are classified based on nutrition into what three categories?

A

A. Source of energy
B. Hydrogen/electron donor
C. Carbon source

44
Q

What are the different sources of energy for bacteria?

A

• light energy- photo
• Chemical energy
-Inorganic- litho
-organic- organic 

45
Q

 hydrogen/electron donor can be from what two categories?

A

• inorganic- litho
• Organic- Organic 

46
Q

What are the carbon sources for bacteria?

A

•CO2- auto
•organic- hetero

47
Q

What is the endotoxin on the outside of gram-Negative bacteria? What is it composed of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipid + carbohydrate

48
Q

What is bacteria cells walls made of? What’s the difference in the cell wall between gram-positive and gram-negative

A

Peptidoglycan

Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall that is 4-5 times thicker.

Graham negative have an outer membrane of Lipopolysaccharide outside the cell wall

49
Q

What are two things that gram-negative bacteria have that gram-positive do not?

A

-outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharide
-Periplasmic space

50
Q

A total outer thickness for gram positive and gram negative bacteria are…. 

A

The same

51
Q

What is peptidoglycan made out of?

A

Protein + Complex carbohydrate

52
Q

Do all bacteria have cell walls?

A

Most but not all

53
Q

What does alcohol dissolve on gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (The outer membrane)

54
Q

________________ is resistant to the decolorizer/alcohol

A

Peptidoglycan

55
Q

Bacteria that contain __________ acid, Cannot be easily dissolved, so it retains the acid fast stain

A

Mycolic

56
Q

This is the measure or degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

57
Q

Properties of pathogens that enable them to attach to host cells, scape destruction by host defense systems, and invade tissue

A

Virulence factors

58
Q

Virulence factor used for attachment

A

Pili

(Neisseria gonorrhea attachment to urethral walls)

59
Q

Virulence factor that makes the pathogen antiphagocytic

A

Capsule

60
Q

Virulence factor used for mobility and invasion

A

Flagella

61
Q

Virulence factor that is secreted to destroy tissue

A

Exoenzymes (Coagulase, Kinase, Hemolysin, Collagenase,
Hyaluronidase)

62
Q

-Virulence factor that is common to almost all Graham negative bacteria
-Composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell envelope
-released when I grammed negative bacterial cell is destroyed

A

Endotoxins

63
Q

What are the effects of endotoxins?

A

-Disruption of clotting, causing clots to form throughout the body
-fever
-Activation of compliment and immune system
-Circulatory changes that lead to hypotension, shock, and death

64
Q

-Virulence factor most commonly associated with gram-positive bacteria
-produced and released by living bacteria and do not require bacterial death for release

A

Exotoxins

Specific toxins target specific host cells; the type
of toxin varies with the bacterial species
• Some kill host cells and help spread bacteria in
tissues (e.g., enzymes that destroy key biochemical
tissue components or specifically destroy host cell
membranes)
• Some destroy or interfere with specific intracellular
activities (e.g., interruption of protein synthesis,
interruption of internal cell signals, or interruption of
the neuromuscular system)
38

65
Q

What type of toxins are released when the bacterial cell is destroyed ? And which type of toxin is released by living bacteria? 

A

Endotoxin (gram neg)

Exotoxin (gram positive)

66
Q

What are microbial factors that contribute to colonization on host surfaces?

A

-survival against environmental conditions
-Achieving attachment and adherence to host cell surfaces
-other factors such as motility, Being able to coexist with other colonizing organisms, and production of substances that compete with the host for essential nutrients

67
Q

Term used when micro organisms take up residence in or on host body

A

Colonization 

68
Q

What are the steps in pathogenesis?

A

-entry
-Attachment to tissue
-Multiplication
-Invasion (spread)
-Evasion of host defenses
-Damage to host tissue

69
Q

Term used when tHe organism causes no harm or benefit to the host (neutral)

A

Commensalism

  • most bacteria fall into this category
70
Q

Unilateral benefit of the microoganism to the host

A

Parasitism

71
Q

When there is a reciprocal benefit of the host and the microorganism

A

Mutualism

72
Q

Organisms that reside in or on our bodies on a semi permanent basis without causing disease

A

Normal flora

73
Q

What are the four main sites for normal flora?

A

-skin
-Mouth, nose, and throat
-G.I. tract
-Lower Genitourinary tract

74
Q

What the two modes of transmission?

A

• Direct: Transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host

• indirect: Transmitted to host via intervening agents

75
Q

Intervening agent in the mode of Transmission that is a living organism such as animals, insects, and other humans

A

Vectors

76
Q

Intervening agent in the mode of transmission that is non-living such as water, food, air, medical devices, and other inanimate objects

A

Vehicles

77
Q

What are some microorganism sources (Reservoirs)?

A

humans, animals, food, water, air, soil

78
Q

Nonspecific host defense responses include what lines of defense? 

A

First and second line of defense

79
Q

Specific responses in the host defense system is the _____ line of defense. 

A

3rd

80
Q

What are nonspecific response is in the host defense system?

A

-physical barriers
-Phagocytosis
-Inflammation
-complement

81
Q

What are some specific responses in the host defense system (3rd line of defense)? 

A

-antibody-mediated immunity
-cell-mediated immunity

82
Q

Engulfing and ingesting foreign materials by white blood cells

A

Phagocytosis

83
Q

What are the two professional phagocytes? 

A

• macrophages
• Neutrophils

84
Q

What are three phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils (PMNs), Macrophages, and dendritic cells.

85
Q

-localizes the infection
-Prevent spread of pathogen
-Neutralizes toxins
-Aids in repairing damaged tissue

A

Inflammation

86
Q

What is the primary mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissue and organs? Can be both cellular and biochemical.

A

Inflammation

87
Q

What are the four different parts of inflammation? where does it start?

A

• phagocytosis
• Complement system
• Cytokines
• Coagulation system

Inflammationcan start at any one of the steps and move forward 

88
Q

What are three signs of Inflammation?

A

Swelling, redness, heat, and pain

  1. Attact cells and biochemical
    mediators of defense
  2. Facilitate removal of infectious agents by lymphatic system
  3. Wall off and limit extension
    of invasion
  4. Supplement and interact with
    immune susiem delenses
89
Q

15°C (0-20)

A

Psychrophile

90
Q

5°C (-2 to 10)

A

Extreme psychrophile 

91
Q

24 to 40°C (10-15 to 35-40)

A

Mesophile 

92
Q

45 to 55°C (37 to 70) 

A

Facultative thermophile

93
Q

70-75°C  (45 to 85-90)

A

Obligate thermophile

94
Q

75 to 80°C (60 to 85-110)

A

Extreme thermophile

Medical Microbiology (12 decks)

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