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Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Superior v inferior

A

Superior : above

Inferior: below

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2
Q

Lateral v. Medial

A

Lateral : side

Medial : middle

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3
Q

Posterior v anterior

A

Posterior - behind

Anterior - front door

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4
Q

Superficial v deep

A

Superficial - surface

Deep - underneath the surface

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5
Q

Cephalic v caudal

A

Cephalic head

Caudal tail

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6
Q

Proximal

Distal

A

Próx close to attachment

Distal far from attachment

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7
Q

Dorsal v ventral

A

Dorsal back

Ventral front

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8
Q

Four quadrants

A

Upper left

Upper right

Not

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9
Q

Mono saccharide

A

3-7 carbons (5to6) most common

Ose suffix means very oxygenated
When dry found as strings
When in water turn into rings

All have 6 carbon and are isomers of each other (same chemical formula did structural formula)
Glucose- blood stream (most common) aka dextrose glucose is found from breaking down polysaccharides or glycogenesis ( proteins)

Galactose: must go to the liver to become glucose

Fructose : must go to the liver to become glucose

Have 5 c
Ribose
Deoxyribose

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A

Lactose - glucose galactose - dairy products/ milk - least sweet - lactase

Maltose - glucose glucose / - foods like breakfast cereal germinating seeds, and beer- Maltese

Sucrose - glucose fructose / table sugar brown sugar, - most common beets sugar cane brown sugar maple syrup and honey!table sugar - sucrase

All simple sugar

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11
Q

Polysaccharides (complex sugars)

A

Starch( seeds, grains la corn beans potatoes and rice) - amylose ( unbranched slow) amylopectin (branched fast) storage, glucose

Fibers - pectins and cellulose ( not solvable) have dif bonds ( glucose, no digestible because we don’t have enzyme to digest it! Found in leafy vegetables and whole grains, provides bulk for the stool and helps prevent diverticular disease and colon cancer.

In animals- glycogen ( highly branched, fast, found in liver and skeletal muscles) storage, glucose only form of car storage in animals (can be depleted in on hour of exercise or 12-24 hour fast) liver provides energy to other systems such as the nervous system😀

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12
Q

Mono saccharide

A

Glucose- blood stream (most common)

Galactose

Fructose

Ribose
Deoxyribose

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13
Q

Disaccharide

A

Lactose - glucose galactose - dairy products/ milk - least sweet - lactase

Maltose - glucose glucose / - foods like breakfast cereal germinating seeds, and beer- Maltese

Sucrose - glucose fructose / table sugar brown sugar, - most common beets sugar cane brown sugar maple syrup and honey!table sugar - sucrase

All simple sugar

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14
Q

Polysaccharides (complex sugars)

A

Starch - amylose ( unbranched slow) amylopectin (branched fast) storage, glucose

Fibers - pectins and cellulose ( glucose, no digestible because we don’t have enzyme to digest it! Found in leafy vegetables and whole grains, provides bulk for the stool and helps prevent diverticular disease and colon cancer.

In animals- glycogen ( highly branched, fast, found in liver and skeletal muscles) storage, glucose

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15
Q

Amino acids

Essential v conditional v non essential

A

Essential -9 must be taken in by eating food

Non essential- 5 that can be produced by the body and found in foods

Conditionally essential- 6 can be produced by the body when in a normal healthy state

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16
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids
Polypeptide < 50 > protein
Polypeptide < MW 10,000> protein
Structure = function

Functions
Structure : collagen and keratin

Transport : hemoglobin NA K ATPase cell membrane

Protection: antibodies of the immune system

Enzymes : lactase

Regulation: neurotransmitters and other hormones / chemical messangers

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17
Q

Amino acid

A

R
N terminus Amine group. C. Carboxyl c term
H
R group types:
Non-polar / polar
Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic
Ions cation/ anions

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18
Q

Polypeptide bond

A

Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Covelant bond

Dipepetide - 2 amino acids

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19
Q

Primary structure

A

Covelant peptide bonds
Connect string of amino acids together
Sequence is critical for proper protein function

All known genetic disorders cause variations of the primary structure of proteins that can denature all the other structures

2D

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20
Q

Secondary structure

A

Twisting and folding polypeptide chains into sub structures

Alpha helix : collagen

And beta sheet : silk

Only Hydrogen bonds !!!!!!!!!!!!!

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21
Q

Tertiary

A

Overall folding
Connections of r groups through many bonds
Water shapes the chain

Ionic
Covelant : disulfide bridges
Acidic / basic
Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic

Radical ph and temp denature the tertiary structure

22
Q

Denaturing

A

High / low temp or ph

Destroys structure and makes the protein useless

23
Q

Quarternary structure

A

Not all proteins are quartenray structure

Made up of more then one polypeptide chain with tertiary structure

24
Q

Globular v fibrous

A

Globular - globe like
Very fragile can be denatured by things like heat, organic solutes, and other things
Ex: hemoglobin

Fibrous : rope / cable
Give structural support
Very strong
Ex: cartilage bone tendons ligaments capsules around organs

25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though outside world is always changing

Internal ( fluid around cells)

Set point - the average in a normal range

Normal range

26
Q

Homeostatic control systems

A

Receptor - is a type of sensor the monitors the environment and detects changes in variables

Stimuli- when the condition of a variable changes

Control center- normally the brain, responsible for determining the set point and appropriate course of action

Effectors provide the means to correct the deviation

Afferent pathway - receptor to the control center

Efferent - control center to effected

Essentially all organs and tissues in the body apart of control systems

27
Q

Positive v negative feedback

A

Negative feedback

Variable is changed in a way that brings it back to the set point

Opposite stimulus and response

28
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Result of loop causes the variable to move farther away from the normal range and set point

Same

Sometimes causes by negative loops malfunctioning or going to far

Mostly bad sometimes good

Ex birth contractions blood clots sneezing throwing up etc

Often stoped by a breaking point

29
Q

Matter and mass

A

Matter is anything that occupies space

Mass is the amount of matter something contains

30
Q

Elements

A

Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler elements

92 naturally occurring

H C N O make up 96 % of our body weight

Symbol ie C = carbon

31
Q

Atoms

A

Simplest particle of an element that maintains its characteristics

Protons am 1 found in nucleus +1 charge
Change causes change in element

Neutrons am 1 found in nucleus 0 charge change may cause isotope

Electrons am practically none they are found in orbitals (areas of space) that surround the nucleus

Atomic number = the number of protons and number of electrons

Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
Also an average of the mass of isoptopes

32
Q

Electron cloud / orbitals

A

2:8:8

Requires energy to move further away from the nucleus

Each orbital can hold 2 electrons

Shells are a collection of one or more orbitals
All electrons in the same shell have the same amount of energy

Light is released when electrons go down orbitals

33
Q

Molecules vs compounds

A

Molecules Two or more atoms held together by the sharing of electrons
(Ionic bonds technically are not molecules but are sometimes referred to as molecules)
Compounds have 2 or or more different elements bond together by sharing electrons

Compounds are molecules
Molecules are not always compounds

34
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Kidnapping bond

An ion is one half of an ionic compound

Cation +
Anion - ( A Negative ion)

The opposite charges create attraction that pulls the two together!

Make crystalline structures

35
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Share electrons
Intimate relationships

Non polar = equal sharing
C-h and any element bonded to itself

Can make double covalent bonds or triple covelant bonds

Polar = not equal sharing creating both +- poles
Charge is still 0

36
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Interaction between 2 molecules contains polar covalent bonds. Is intermolecular force” attraction between two molecules”

Weak bond

37
Q

Water

A

H20
Held together to form polar covalent bonds. And can participate in hydrogen bonding
Max 4 hydrogen bonds (ice)
Can form hydrogen bonds with itself and other substances

Energy is required to break bond
Energy is released when new bonds form

Liquid about 3.4 bonds

Gas 0 bonds

38
Q

How water stabilizes body temp

A

Water has a very high heat capacity (lots of energy is required to heat it up) one Calorie (1000 little calories) 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius and visa verse one taken away to lower one degree

Heat of vaporization

It requires a relatively large amount of energy to make it turn from a solid to a liquid state

The energy is taken with the new gas leaving it cooler where it used to be ( how sweating works)

39
Q

Adhesion vs coheasion and lubricant

A

Adhesión is the ability for water to stick to or make hydrogen bonds with other polar substances

Cohesion is the sticking together of water molecules.

Lubricant allows for two structures to slide past each other easily

40
Q

Solvent v solute

A

Solvent is the liquid Water

Solute is what goes into solvent

Water solvent = aqueous solution

Hydrophobic - does not dissolve
Hydrophilic- does dissolve

Ionic bond disassociate into electro lights
Polar
Covalent bonds - dissolve but no dissociate

Non polar don’t dissolve or dissociate

41
Q

Percent solution

A

1g/100ml =1%

100ml or 1 dl (deciliter or 1/10 of a liter

42
Q

Molarity and moles

A

Mole : simpflies large numbers
6.02*10^23
1 Mole= molecular mass (in grams)

Molecules

Molarity = m/l

Molecular más over 1 liter equals a 1 molar solution

43
Q

Osmolarity

A

Particle

Parts (including those dissociated) times the molarity = the osmolarity

44
Q

Acid base ph and buffer

A

Acid = molecule that donate h+

Base = molecules the absorb h+ and released oh-

The more h+ the Lower the ph the more acidic
The lower the h+ the higher the ph and is more basic

Strong acid completely separates (arrow points one direction)

Weak acid only partially separates and has doble direction arrows

Ph = negative logrithm of h+ concentration

Neutral = 7
Acid is < 7
Base > 7

10fold change in h+

Buffer = weak acid and conjugate base that resists change in ph

45
Q

Blood ph and bicarbonate buffer

A

7.34 -7.45 slightly basic

Not enough h+ = alkalosis

To much h+ = acidosis

Life range is 6.8 to 7.8

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3(carbonic acid)= h+ + hco3-(bicarbonate ion)

46
Q

Carbohydrates health

A

To many simple sugars lead to rapid rise and drop of blood sugar and can lead to develop fat in the blood stream (higher LDL levels)

Simple sugars Can lead to obesity and diabetes

Complex carbs are good

High fructose corn syrup is the devil
It’s very bad 55% fructose 45% glucose
Build up of viceral fat and certain triglycerides2

Lactose intolerance - caused by the lack of the lactase protein which deminshes if dairy and milk is no longer present in the diet (bacteria in the Large intestine eat lactose causing gas, it is also pulls water into the intestine

Symptoms include abnormal bloating gas diahreha abdominal cramps and nausea

About 75% of adults experience some degree of lactose intolerance

47
Q

Lipids

A

Not polar ( hydrophobic)

Fats oils waxes cholesterol cell membranes some pigments and vitamins

Fats norm are solid room temp
Oils are norm liq at room temp

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is considerably bigger

18h for every o in the common triglyceride

48
Q

Triglycerides

A

90% of dietary and human body fat in adipose tissue

Cushions and insulates the body (adipose tissue)

Energy storage

One glycerol back bone and three fatty acid chains

Fatty acid = carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chains
Carboxyl group is acidic

Glycerol always the same fatty acid chains can change

Saturated = no doble bonds and solid at room temp high increase HDl increase LDL (animal fats)😕

Unsaturated = one or more doble bonds (generally cis) create bend in the fatty acid which make in liquid at room temp (olive oil, coconut oil) increase HDL lower LDL 😀

Trans fats = trans bonds that make doble bonds straight and are solid at room temp. Horrible for you like the worst 😩Cisco margarine created through hydronation (illegal in the us)
Low HDL and increase LDL also its unnatural

49
Q

Phospholipids

A 
Have a phosphate group head 
Glycerol back bone and 2 fatty acids 
 Amphipathic
The head is lipophobic / hydrophilic
The tail is  lipophilic / hydrophobic

Create structure
Ex cell membrane and micells (sphere of phospholipids( used for transport)

50
Q

Steroids

A

4 hydrocarbon rings

Nonpolar

Cholesterol (most abundant ) helps build and maintain our cell walls.
Synthesis bile
Used to synthesis of steroid hormones

We can make it and it’s also found in animal products.

Cholesterol and along tans and saturated fats buil up deposits on walls of blood vessels which can lead to atherosclerosis

Notable steroids include testosterone estrogen progesterone cortisol

51
Q

Lipoprotein 😀

A

Transport fat and other nonpolar substances in the blood street
Phospholipids and have apoproteins to form a sphere
On the inside they carry steroids and triglycerides
Bring fats to and from the liver and cells (tissues)

HDl: aka good cholesterol 😀 has a higher density of apoproteins and lower density of phospholipids; they take fat that is sitting in the blood stream back to the liver (we have less of these)

LDL: bad cholesterol 😡have higher phospholipids and lower protein amounts
Also takes fat from the liver to tissues but leaves fat deposits in the blood which can cause heart diseases strokes heart attacks atherosclerosis

52
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up reaction

Lowers energy of activation

Not used up or consumed

Very specific

Named after reaction substances

Shape governs function

Sensitive to ph and temp

May need

Coenzyme (organic ie vitamins

Cofactors in organic ie minerals like zinc or iron

Anatomy (7 decks)

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