🧠👁👂🏻 Flashcards
Association fiber
Two regions within given hemisphere
Commissural fiber
Two hemispheres to communicate
Projection fiber
Connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and to the spinal chord
Cerebral cortex (general)
Memory Attention Perception Thought Movement (skeletal muscle) Language Counscienseness
Frontal lobe
Decision making
Speech
Movement
Thinking
Parietal lobe
Senses (taste and touch)
Temporal lobe
Hearing
Sounds
Speech comprehension
Occipital lobe
Visual information
Visual comprehension
Motor areas
Voluntary movement (frontal lobe):
Prefrontal cortex [decision to move]
Premotor cortex [programing /coordinating]
Primary motor cortex [relays info to spinal chord and eventually muscles]
Not always the case *
Primary motor cortex
Toe to mouth arrangement
Mouth and hands are biggest
Sensory and association areas
Primary sensory cortex-post central gyrus :
Information from the skin via propio receptors
Responsible for touch temp pressure and pain
And proprioception
Toe to mouth
Fingers and lips very large
Primary visual cortex(occipital lobe)
Vision
Generates images
Primary auditory cortex(temporal lobe)
Hearing
Sound
Primary olfactory cortex (junction of temporal and frontal lobes
Primary gustatory cortex(between ínsula and frontal lobe)
By each is an association area which helps for comprehension (perception)
Executive functions
Upper level thinking
Prefrontal cortex
Thinking Planning Reasoning Abstract thought Self control Decision making Differentiation
Personality
Storage of short term and working memory
Develops and matures late
Lateralization of hemispheres
Left controls right and Visa versa
Most things carried out by Borge except
Speech (left)(Broca’s area) Speech comprehension (left) (wernickies area)
Analytical skill(left)
Spatial perception(right) Musical ability (right)
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epi thalamus
Thalamus
Relay center for info
With exception to smell
Gate keeper
Concentration
Sleep/ wake
Helps maintain aroused state
Hypothalamus
Visceral control center
Regulates internal organs
Maintains homeostasis
The “brain” writhin the brain
Functions include: Ans Emotions Body temp Food intake Water balance Sleep Endocrine system
Epi thalamus
Made up of
Pineal body : secretes melatonin in response to light dark cycle
Regulates seasonal reproductive cycle in animals
Habenular nuculei involved in negative feed back and lymbic system functions
Brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Also spinal nerves leave here
Needed si o si for survival like si o si
Corpora quadrigemina
Su dived into superior colliculi
And inferior colliculi
Superior colliculi: coordinate eye movement as we trac moving objects, works with nerves 3,4 and 6
Inferior colliculi : coordinates head and eye movements to sudden sounds
Substancia negra
Has neuromelanin which makes it dark in appearance
Produce dopamine
And neuromelanin
Involved in muscle control
To much or to little causes Parkinson’s disease 🙂
Red nucleus
Iron (red)
Relay center for motor pathways that effect limb flexión
Arm swing
Crawling in babies
Not the legs
Pons
Controls sleep Respiration Swallowing Bladder control Hearing Equilibrium Taste Eye movement Fascial expression Posture
Dream generation
Connects cerebellum with the cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Homeostasis
Vital reflexes of life
Heart rate
Depth of breathing
Other fun things like Vomiting Hiccuping Coughing Sneezing
Decussation: where nerves from brain cross over to other side of the body
Cerebellum
Motor learning
Motor coordination and memory
Equilibrium
Smooth coordinated skeletal muscle movement
Uses all the senses I. The body to coordinate motion
Makes procedural memory
Limbic system
Primitive (old brain)
Basic survival like memory reproduction and nutrition
Hippocampus
Cingulate Gyrus
Amygdala
Emotional center
Hippocampus
Cognition ame spatial memory
Very important for learning
Halps is store info into our long term memory
Amygdala
Memory and cognition
Episodic and autobiographical memory
Maintain attention
Social processing
Facial recognition
First impressions
Fear conditioning
More emotion the more retention
Sexual and aggressive behavior
Reward center
Nucleus accumbens
Ventral tegmental area or atv
Amygdala
Septum
Medial forebrain bundle or mfb
Nucleus accumbens
Reward Pleasure Laughter Addiction aggression Fear Placebo effect
Motivation and pleasure
Addiction and depression
Dopamine and seratonin (calm)
(Pleasure)
VTA
Release dopaminergic
Cognition
Motivation
Intense love emotions
Likes novelty
And unexpected rewards
Goes from normal dope to lots of dope by excititory stimulation
Causes addiction
Septal nuclei
Aim to nucleus accumbens
Reward and reinforcement
Diff
Signals are inhibitory
Used to regulate behavior
Medial forebrain bundle MFB
Takes info for
Ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens
Addiction
Addiction: continued use of a mood or behavior altering substance despite adverse consequences
Dependence : body adjusts to incorporate into normal function making the body rely and on it
Tolerance: ability to adapt requiring more and more
Withdrawal: symptoms both physical and psych when addiction is stopped suddenly
Addictiveness factors: Highly stimulating Lots of variety Limitless supply Causes binging
Delta fos b - binging mechanism (survival )
Brain changes to addiction
Desensitization: dopamine declines and receptors are down graded making it less sensitive for other natural things
Sensitization : newly wired brain and reward pathway will start to turn on in response to addiction stimuli or even thouts
Hypofrontality: weaken senses of consequences
Dysfunctional stress circuits : can cause relapses of stress due to not properly management
Basal nuculei
Regulate motor control
Incorrect of inappropriate movements
Swinging arms while walking
Output goes to motor cortex
Parkinson’s to lttle movement
Huntington’s to much movement
Reticular activating system
RAS
Network of neurons that interact with a many brain structures
Includes the reticular formation what originated in the brain
Stem near the pons and radiates to the cerebellum
State of alertness or arousal
Sleep wake cycles
Damage can cause narcolepsy
EEG
Record of electrical signals throughout the brain
Beta waves 13-30Hz awake eyes open and engaged
Alpha 8-13Hz mind wondering
(Only healthy waves for awake adults ^)
Theta waves 4-7 Hz are early stages of sleep and in young children
Delta waves .5-4 Hz only in deep sleep
Sleep
REM sleep
Non rem sleep
Stage 1
2
3
4
Cycle can last about 90 min
Starts non rem then cycle up directly to rem
Each time it is established it lasts longer
123nrem are generally theta wave
Stage 4 norm delta waves (sleep walking and night terrors ) vital signs are the lowest here
Rem has most vivid dreams
Lack of sleep causes um issues like Alzheimer’s
Learning
Acquisition of memory
Short term
Long term
Short term doesn’t stay for more then a few min
Working memory: type of short term memory that helps us function on a day to day basis
Long term : hippocampus is in charge of creating this which involves physical changes in the neuro pathways in the brain or memory trace
Consolidation- short term to long term
Repitition is the best way!
Explicit memories are more easily lost over time
Meninges
Membranes that envelope the CNS
Dura mater: 2 parts Periosteal layer(connects to the inside of the skull) Meningeal later(deep layer) sometimes floss to form partitions in the brain like falx cerebri
Arachnoid mater: directory ended Duda mater
Very thin and transparent
That lies on top of fluid filled space,
Has process that extend down to the Piamater that look like spider webs
Subarachnoid space is deep to arachnoid mater and is filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Pia mater is very delicate membrane that adheres to brain and spinal chord
Diff between brain and spinal chord: dura mater in spinal chord is one layer
Not connected to bone
Instead there is the epidural space that is filled with adipose tissue 🙂
