Unit 1 Flashcards
The combination of all living things on Earth is the __________
biosphere
What type of relationship is it when one animal kills and consumes another
predator/prey relationship
Sometimes prey will mimic other organisms as a __________
defense mechanism
A parasite host relationship is when the parasite __________ inside the organism and relies on that organism to __________. This only benefits the __________ and harms the __________
lives, survive, parasite, host
Pathogens are types of __________ that come from __________ in their host
parasites, disease
A symbiotic relationship __________ both organisms or doesn’t affect __________ organism
helps, one
In a Mutualistic relationship __________ organisms __________
both, benefit
A commensalism relationship is a symbiotic relationship that __________ one organism, but does not affect the other.
benefits
__________ occurs when organisms share a limited resource.
competition
Dividing up a resource based on the behavior of morphology
Resource Partitioning
A keystone species is a species that is __________ __________ to an ecosystem and is relatively __________ in population
very important, low
Ecosystem Engineers are a type of Keystone species that create or maintain __________for other __________
habitats, species
Many Keystone species are going __________ which will eventually cause the ecosystem to __________
extinct, collapse
Geographic region that is characterized by a certain type of climate, plant growth, or any other characteristic
Biome
Terrestrial Biomes are any biomes that exist on __________
land
Tundra is the cold and __________ biome that has very little __________ vegetation
treeless, growing
__________ __________ is the second coldest biome
Boreal Forest
Lakes are classified by how __________ they are, and can be divided into serval __________
productive, zones
__________ is the least productive zone in a lake due to its low levels of __________ and __________
Oligotrophic, nitrogen, phosphorus
__________ is the zone in a lake that has moderate productivity (medium)
Mesotrophic (M for moderate)
__________ is the zone that has the highest levels of productivity
Eutrophic (think of Euphoria)
__________ Zone is the shallow area of water near a shore where photosynthesis occurs.
Littoral (Kids say the word sit, and they also swim at the shallow end of the pool)
__________ Zone is the deeper zone water (cannot support any plants expect for algae)
Limnetic Zone
__________ Zone is below the limnetic. Is too deep for sunlight to reach, and therefore supports very few organisms
Profundal. Think of this as Olympic athletes. They are PROS at what they do, its too deep for sunlight to reach because they are swimming underwater, and there are not a lot of them after the first few events which is why it supports very few organisms
__________ Zone is the muddy bottom of the lake
Benthic (B for bottom)
Freshwater Wetlands are submerged enough in water for most or all of the year, are __________ enough to support __________ __________, and are one of the most __________ biomes
shallow, emergent vegetation, productive
Salt Marshes are marshes that contain non woody emergent vegetation, often found on the cost in __________climates, and extremely productive biomes for __________and __________
temperate, plants, algae
The Intertidal Zones are the narrow bands of coastline between __________ tide and __________tide . During __________ tide the zones are submerged in __________, so conditions are stable(+). Although during __________ tide the water recedes which exposes organisms to __________ conditions (-)
high, low, high, water, low, harsh
__________ are Earth’s most divine marine biome, and their food source is __________ __________
coral reefs, photosynthetic algae
__________ have caused a problem inside coral reefs which cause __________ __________, it is called __________ __________. Algae inside corals die which causes the corals to then die as well.
pollutants, global warming, coral bleaching
Coral bleaching is caused by a low __________ __________and high __________ __________ which then causes global warming.
Ocean pH, water temperature
The ocean is divided into 3 __________
layers
__________ Zone is the layer of the ocean where sunlight can penetrate allowing __________ to occur
Photic, photosynthesis (P for photosynthesis)
__________ Zone is where photosynthesis can no longer take place.
Aphotic, (A for abiotic)
__________ Zone is the muddy bottom of the ocean
Benthic (B for bottom)
Earth is a __________system because matter can never be __________or __________
closed, removed, created
Matter moving across Earth in cycles. These cycles are essential for life on Earth.
Biogeochemical cycles
What happens when biogeochemical cycles are disrupted?
It causes the matter to get “stuck” or move too quickly hetween stages.
Humans disrupt the carbon cycle by extracting them too __________ after realizing fossil fuels can be used for __________ __________. Which can lead to a loss of fossil fuels, and putting more carbon than we need in the atmosphere which is causing global __________ __________
fast, industrial processes, climate change
Humans also disrupt the carbon cycle due to __________. Due to the fact that there are fewer plants to absorb than carbon in the atmosphere there is even more carbon stuck in the atmosphere, which can lead to __________ __________
deforestation, global warming
The nitrogen cycle is a __________ nutrient that organisms need in order to form amino and nucleic acids (DNA).
macro
Nitrogen is a __________ nutrient because it is __________ available than other nutrients. Although __________ can only grow if they have nitrogen
limiting, less, organisms
Nitrogen __________ turns nitrogen gas (N2) into a nitrate (NO3) so that plants can use it
Fixation
Once nitrogen is in its usable form plants can __________ it or incorporate it into their __________
assimilate, tissues
Ammonification is the process of when organisms die __________ break down their __________ and covert the organic__________ back into inorganic __________ . After this the __________ process can begin again.
decomposers, tissues, nitrogen, ammonium, nitrification
The final step of the nitrogen cycle is __________ which returns nitrogen back into the __________. During __________ specialized bacteria convert nitrate into __________ __________ (N2O) and then back into nitrogen __________ (N2)
denitrification, atmosphere, denitrification, nitrous oxide, gas
Humans impact the nitrogen cycle by putting nitrogen in their __________ which disrupts the balance of the __________ due to __________ nitrogen. This can lead to a __________ in the number of species in an ecosystem.
fertilizers, ecosystem, excess, decrease
Phosphorus is really __________ to nitrogen. We need phosphorus for ____ ,______ and ATP, and it is also a __________ macronutrient. Phosphorus only cycles between __________ and __________ – not the atmosphere. And, phosphorus doesn’t change form like nitrogen it is almost always found as phosphate (PO4).
similar, DNA RNA, limiting, land water,
Plants takes in phosphate, and when organisms die, __________ and __________ mineralize phosphate and it goes back into the soil. This is really similar to the nitrogen cycle, but without all of the__________ changes.
fungi, bacteria, chemical
The other portion of the phosphorus cycle involves the movement of phosphorus between__________ and __________ . Just like the carbon cycle, this is the slow part of the phosphorus cycle. Phosphorus enters the ocean through __________ or runoff, but it doesn’t dissolve in the water. Instead, phosphorus is deposited in the sediments at the bottom of the ocean.
land, water precipitation
a process called __________ __________brings the ocean layers up to become mountains, and the phosphate rocks weather which brings the nutrient into the soil. Phosphate usually clings tightly onto soil, and like we’ve seen before, it doesn’t dissolve easily in water. Therefore, phosphate is a __________ nutrient for __________ ecosystems.
geologic uplift, limiting. aquatic
The amount of energy in an ecosystem determines how much energy an ecosystem can support. The amount of energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture is called the __________
gross primary productivity
When plants take in sunlight, some of the energy is always lost through respiration, so, the __________ is calculated by subtracting the amount of energy respired from the gross primary productivity.
net primary productivity
The water cycle, also known as the __________ cycle, is the most basic of the biogeochemical cycles. It is important to note that water can move other chemicals and matter to where they need to be.
hydrologic
In the water cycle heat from the sun causes water to turn into water __________ and rise into the atmosphere. Water down on Earth can go back into the air in two ways: it can __________ from a body of water or the ground, or plants can release water through __________ . All the water that has evaporated or transpired is known as __________
- vapor
- Evaporate
- Transpiration
- evapotranspiration.
Once the water has evaporated into the atmosphere, it comes back down to the Earth in the form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc). There are three different things that can happen when water is returned to Earth. The first is __________ , in which water slides from the land back into a body of water. __________ doesn’t have to be immediate; snow can stay on a mountain for months before it eventually melts and returns to a body of water. The second option is __________. The water will be absorbed by the ground and will become part of the Earth’s groundwater stores. Finally, the third option is that plants can __________ the water and use it for photosynthesis. Plant __________ can also occur as a secondary step after the water has been absorbed by surrounding soil or groundwater.
1 and 2 surface runoff
- percolation
- uptake
The amount of energy transferred though trophic levels in an ecosystem depends on the rate of __________ __________
primary productivity
__________ percent of energy in any trophic level is passed on to the next level
10
Any organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis is called an __________ or a __________
- autotroph
2. producer
__________ and __________ can’t produce their own food
- consumers
2. heterotrophs
Primary consumers, or herbivores, eat __________
producers
secondary consumers eat __________ __________
primary consumers
tertiary consumers eat __________ __________
secondary consumers
Scavengers, such as racoons and vultures, consume __________ __________
dead animals
Detritivores, such as dung beetles, obtain nutrients by breaking down __________ __________ and __________ __________
- dead tissues
2. waste products
Decomposers, such as worms, are fungi and bacteria that convert __________ __________ into small elements and molecules that can be __________ back into the ecosystem.
- organic bacteria
2. recycled
