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APES > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The combination of all living things on Earth is the __________

A

biosphere

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2
Q

What type of relationship is it when one animal kills and consumes another

A

predator/prey relationship

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3
Q

Sometimes prey will mimic other organisms as a __________

A

defense mechanism

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4
Q

A parasite host relationship is when the parasite __________ inside the organism and relies on that organism to __________. This only benefits the __________ and harms the __________

A

lives, survive, parasite, host

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5
Q

Pathogens are types of __________ that come from __________ in their host

A

parasites, disease

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6
Q

A symbiotic relationship __________ both organisms or doesn’t affect __________ organism

A

helps, one

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7
Q

In a Mutualistic relationship __________ organisms __________

A

both, benefit

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8
Q

A commensalism relationship is a symbiotic relationship that __________ one organism, but does not affect the other.

A

benefits

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9
Q

__________ occurs when organisms share a limited resource.

A

competition

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10
Q

Dividing up a resource based on the behavior of morphology

A

Resource Partitioning

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11
Q

A keystone species is a species that is __________ __________ to an ecosystem and is relatively __________ in population

A

very important, low

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12
Q

Ecosystem Engineers are a type of Keystone species that create or maintain __________for other __________

A

habitats, species

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13
Q

Many Keystone species are going __________ which will eventually cause the ecosystem to __________

A

extinct, collapse

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14
Q

Geographic region that is characterized by a certain type of climate, plant growth, or any other characteristic

A

Biome

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15
Q

Terrestrial Biomes are any biomes that exist on __________

A

land

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16
Q

Tundra is the cold and __________ biome that has very little __________ vegetation

A

treeless, growing

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17
Q

__________ __________ is the second coldest biome

A

Boreal Forest

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18
Q

Lakes are classified by how __________ they are, and can be divided into serval __________

A

productive, zones

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19
Q

__________ is the least productive zone in a lake due to its low levels of __________ and __________

A

Oligotrophic, nitrogen, phosphorus

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20
Q

__________ is the zone in a lake that has moderate productivity (medium)

A

Mesotrophic (M for moderate)

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21
Q

__________ is the zone that has the highest levels of productivity

A

Eutrophic (think of Euphoria)

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22
Q

__________ Zone is the shallow area of water near a shore where photosynthesis occurs.

A

Littoral (Kids say the word sit, and they also swim at the shallow end of the pool)

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23
Q

__________ Zone is the deeper zone water (cannot support any plants expect for algae)

A

Limnetic Zone

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24
Q

__________ Zone is below the limnetic. Is too deep for sunlight to reach, and therefore supports very few organisms

A

Profundal. Think of this as Olympic athletes. They are PROS at what they do, its too deep for sunlight to reach because they are swimming underwater, and there are not a lot of them after the first few events which is why it supports very few organisms

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25
Q

__________ Zone is the muddy bottom of the lake

A

Benthic (B for bottom)

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26
Q

Freshwater Wetlands are submerged enough in water for most or all of the year, are __________ enough to support __________ __________, and are one of the most __________ biomes

A

shallow, emergent vegetation, productive

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27
Q

Salt Marshes are marshes that contain non woody emergent vegetation, often found on the cost in __________climates, and extremely productive biomes for __________and __________

A

temperate, plants, algae

28
Q

The Intertidal Zones are the narrow bands of coastline between __________ tide and __________tide . During __________ tide the zones are submerged in __________, so conditions are stable(+). Although during __________ tide the water recedes which exposes organisms to __________ conditions (-)

A

high, low, high, water, low, harsh

29
Q

__________ are Earth’s most divine marine biome, and their food source is __________ __________

A

coral reefs, photosynthetic algae

30
Q

__________ have caused a problem inside coral reefs which cause __________ __________, it is called __________ __________. Algae inside corals die which causes the corals to then die as well.

A

pollutants, global warming, coral bleaching

31
Q

Coral bleaching is caused by a low __________ __________and high __________ __________ which then causes global warming.

A

Ocean pH, water temperature

32
Q

The ocean is divided into 3 __________

A

layers

33
Q

__________ Zone is the layer of the ocean where sunlight can penetrate allowing __________ to occur

A

Photic, photosynthesis (P for photosynthesis)

34
Q

__________ Zone is where photosynthesis can no longer take place.

A

Aphotic, (A for abiotic)

35
Q

__________ Zone is the muddy bottom of the ocean

A

Benthic (B for bottom)

36
Q

Earth is a __________system because matter can never be __________or __________

A

closed, removed, created

37
Q

Matter moving across Earth in cycles. These cycles are essential for life on Earth.

A

Biogeochemical cycles

38
Q

What happens when biogeochemical cycles are disrupted?

A

It causes the matter to get “stuck” or move too quickly hetween stages.

39
Q

Humans disrupt the carbon cycle by extracting them too __________ after realizing fossil fuels can be used for __________ __________. Which can lead to a loss of fossil fuels, and putting more carbon than we need in the atmosphere which is causing global __________ __________

A

fast, industrial processes, climate change

40
Q

Humans also disrupt the carbon cycle due to __________. Due to the fact that there are fewer plants to absorb than carbon in the atmosphere there is even more carbon stuck in the atmosphere, which can lead to __________ __________

A

deforestation, global warming

41
Q

The nitrogen cycle is a __________ nutrient that organisms need in order to form amino and nucleic acids (DNA).

A

macro

42
Q

Nitrogen is a __________ nutrient because it is __________ available than other nutrients. Although __________ can only grow if they have nitrogen

A

limiting, less, organisms

43
Q

Nitrogen __________ turns nitrogen gas (N2) into a nitrate (NO3) so that plants can use it

A

Fixation

44
Q

Once nitrogen is in its usable form plants can __________ it or incorporate it into their __________

A

assimilate, tissues

45
Q

Ammonification is the process of when organisms die __________ break down their __________ and covert the organic__________ back into inorganic __________ . After this the __________ process can begin again.

A

decomposers, tissues, nitrogen, ammonium, nitrification

46
Q

The final step of the nitrogen cycle is __________ which returns nitrogen back into the __________. During __________ specialized bacteria convert nitrate into __________ __________ (N2O) and then back into nitrogen __________ (N2)

A

denitrification, atmosphere, denitrification, nitrous oxide, gas

47
Q

Humans impact the nitrogen cycle by putting nitrogen in their __________ which disrupts the balance of the __________ due to __________ nitrogen. This can lead to a __________ in the number of species in an ecosystem.

A

fertilizers, ecosystem, excess, decrease

48
Q

Phosphorus is really __________ to nitrogen. We need phosphorus for ____ ,______ and ATP, and it is also a __________ macronutrient. Phosphorus only cycles between __________ and __________ – not the atmosphere. And, phosphorus doesn’t change form like nitrogen it is almost always found as phosphate (PO4).

A

similar, DNA RNA, limiting, land water,

49
Q

Plants takes in phosphate, and when organisms die, __________ and __________ mineralize phosphate and it goes back into the soil. This is really similar to the nitrogen cycle, but without all of the__________ changes.

A

fungi, bacteria, chemical

50
Q

The other portion of the phosphorus cycle involves the movement of phosphorus between__________ and __________ . Just like the carbon cycle, this is the slow part of the phosphorus cycle. Phosphorus enters the ocean through __________ or runoff, but it doesn’t dissolve in the water. Instead, phosphorus is deposited in the sediments at the bottom of the ocean.

A

land, water precipitation

51
Q

a process called __________ __________brings the ocean layers up to become mountains, and the phosphate rocks weather which brings the nutrient into the soil. Phosphate usually clings tightly onto soil, and like we’ve seen before, it doesn’t dissolve easily in water. Therefore, phosphate is a __________ nutrient for __________ ecosystems.

A

geologic uplift, limiting. aquatic

52
Q

The amount of energy in an ecosystem determines how much energy an ecosystem can support. The amount of energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture is called the __________

A

gross primary productivity

53
Q

When plants take in sunlight, some of the energy is always lost through respiration, so, the __________ is calculated by subtracting the amount of energy respired from the gross primary productivity.

A

net primary productivity

54
Q

The water cycle, also known as the __________ cycle, is the most basic of the biogeochemical cycles. It is important to note that water can move other chemicals and matter to where they need to be.

A

hydrologic

55
Q

In the water cycle heat from the sun causes water to turn into water __________ and rise into the atmosphere. Water down on Earth can go back into the air in two ways: it can __________ from a body of water or the ground, or plants can release water through __________ . All the water that has evaporated or transpired is known as __________

A
  1. vapor
  2. Evaporate
  3. Transpiration
  4. evapotranspiration.
56
Q

Once the water has evaporated into the atmosphere, it comes back down to the Earth in the form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc). There are three different things that can happen when water is returned to Earth. The first is __________ , in which water slides from the land back into a body of water. __________ doesn’t have to be immediate; snow can stay on a mountain for months before it eventually melts and returns to a body of water. The second option is __________. The water will be absorbed by the ground and will become part of the Earth’s groundwater stores. Finally, the third option is that plants can __________ the water and use it for photosynthesis. Plant __________ can also occur as a secondary step after the water has been absorbed by surrounding soil or groundwater.

A

1 and 2 surface runoff

  1. percolation
  2. uptake
57
Q

The amount of energy transferred though trophic levels in an ecosystem depends on the rate of __________ __________

A

primary productivity

58
Q

__________ percent of energy in any trophic level is passed on to the next level

A

10

59
Q

Any organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis is called an __________ or a __________

A
  1. autotroph

2. producer

60
Q

__________ and __________ can’t produce their own food

A
  1. consumers

2. heterotrophs

61
Q

Primary consumers, or herbivores, eat __________

A

producers

62
Q

secondary consumers eat __________ __________

A

primary consumers

63
Q

tertiary consumers eat __________ __________

A

secondary consumers

64
Q

Scavengers, such as racoons and vultures, consume __________ __________

A

dead animals

65
Q

Detritivores, such as dung beetles, obtain nutrients by breaking down __________ __________ and __________ __________

A
  1. dead tissues

2. waste products

66
Q

Decomposers, such as worms, are fungi and bacteria that convert __________ __________ into small elements and molecules that can be __________ back into the ecosystem.

A
  1. organic bacteria

2. recycled

APES (4 decks)

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