Unit 06: Lifespan Development Flashcards
Which of the following is a factor that would be least likely to be a cohort effect for a study on cognitive development in healthy people?
a) changes in prescription drug use
b) differences in educational practices over time
c) changes in the legal drinking age
d) differences in genes between individuals
d)
A researcher has only one year to complete a study on a topic that spans the entire range of childhood. To complete the study, she should use a ________ design.
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) cohort
d) correlational
b)
A developing human is called a(n) ________ during the gestational period, between weeks 2 and 8.
a) fetus
b) zygote
c) germinal
d) embryo
d)
Which of the following teratogens is known to cause phocomelia?
a) cigarette smoke
b) thalidomide
c) maternal stress
d) alcohol
b)
Three main types of processes account for the main ways in which the brain develops after birth. These three processes are
a) myelination, synaptic reorganization, and increased neurotransmitter production.
b) synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and increased neurotransmitter production.
c) Actually, the brain is fully developed at birth; the only change afterwards is that new cells are formed while the child’s brain grows (synaptogenesis).
d) myelination, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning.
d)
Recognizing that the quantity of an object does not change despite changes in physical arrangement or appearance is referred to as ________.
a) conservation
b) scale comprehension
c) number sense
d) object permanence
a)
What is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
a) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
b) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
c) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
d) preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational
c)
The emotional bond that forms between a caregiver and a child is referred to as ________.
a) dependence
b) attachment
c) egocentrism
d) a love-hate relationship
b)
Oliver and his dad read the same book several times. In that book, the main character is expecting to receive a hockey sweater for his birthday; however, due to a mix-up at the store, the gift box instead contains a pair of shoes. Because Oliver had read the book several times, he remembered that the box contained shoes. If Oliver was seven years old, what do you think he would say if he was asked, “What does the main character think is in the box?” What would his two-year-old sister say if asked the same question?
a) Oliver would say that the character thought the box contained a hockey sweater; his sister would say that the character would expect to find shoes.
b) Oliver would say that the character thought the box contained shoes; his sister would say that the character would expect to find a hockey sweater.
c) Both children would say that the main character would expect to find a hockey sweater in the gift box.
d) Both children would say that the main character would expect to find a pair of shoes in the gift box.
a)
The primary challenge in Erikson’s “childhood” stage of development is _______________.
a) trust vs. mistrust
b) industry vs. inferiority
c) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
d) initiative vs. guilt
b)
One of the changes that occurs in puberty is the beginning of menstruation for females. This event is known as ________.
a) menarche
b) a primary sex trait
c) spermarche
d) estradiol
a)
Risk taking in adolescence may be excessive in comparison to other life stages, and some psychologists believe this can be attributed to
a) poorly formed sets of goals.
b) only partial movement out of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
c) well-developed limbic areas responsible for reward, and underdeveloped prefrontal areas.
d) underdeveloped limbic areas responsible for reward, and well-developed prefrontal areas.
c)
After finishing grade 10, Naomi got a job giving music lessons at a day camp for kids aged six to eight. She was really excited. However, the first week was a disaster, with kids misbehaving and some instruments getting broken. That weekend, she thought about what had happened. Rather than viewing the past week as a failure, she decided to view it as a learning experience that would help her do a better job when she taught a new group of kids the next week. Naomi’s thought process is an example of ___________.
a) concrete operations
b) goal formation
c) cognitive reframing
d) autonomy
c)
A stage of morality that views rules and laws as being related to abstract principles of right and wrong is the ______________ stage.
a) conventional
b) preoperational
c) preconventional
d) postconventional
d)
The kind of person you believe you are, the types of people you think you belong with, and the roles that you feel you should play in society are often referred to as your
a) peer group
b) crowd
c) identity
d) autonomy
c)
When one person in a relationship tends to withdraw and “shut down” while discussing difficult issues in the relationship with their partner, they are ___________.
a) being contemptuous
b) stonewalling
c) guilt-tripping
d) being abusive
b)
In Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, what does generativity refer to?
a) the desire to generate an income
b) the desire to have offspring
c) the desire to have a positive impact on the world
d) the desire to generate knowledge and learning for oneself
c)
Research that shows that people are more likely to get divorced if they cohabit before marriage is probably due to
a) people in some cultures being punished through social and community sanctions, if they live in a cohabiting relationship.
b) journal editors having a conservative bias and thus being more likely to publish studies that show “moral” findings, rather than ones that illustrate unconventional or non-traditional values.
c) self-reporting biases, interfering with people accurately depicting the health of their relationships.
c) biased motivations on the part of the researchers, who asked specific questions that were designed to show them what they wanted to find.
a)
Socioemotional selectivity theory describes how older adults
a) are better at selecting emotions that are socially acceptable, based on the current circumstance; this causes them much less stress, and is why they are generally happier
b) are better at socializing in general, because they have a lifetime of practice; thus, they tend to make friends very easily, and this keeps them functioning well.
c) have usually invested so much of their lives in a few close relationships that now they have a network of support in those friends who were selected based on their tendency to be socially and emotionally supportive.
d) are better at paying attention to positive things, rather than excessively dwelling on the negatives.
d)
Which of the following best describes the effects of aging on intelligence?
a) Aging is unrelated to intelligence, except in the case of brain disorders and diseases such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease.
b) Fluid intelligence tends to decrease, but working memory tends to increase.
c) Fluid intelligence tends to decrease, but crystallized intelligence tends to increase.
d) Crystallized intelligence tends to increase, but the ability to skillfully use a person’s abilities decreases.
c)
