Unit 03: Classifications Flashcards
Alex Schmid and Albert Jongman (2005) produced the following 10 bases typology. Name 5.
Actor, Victim, Cause, Environment, Means, Political-Orientation, Motivation, Demand, Purpose, and Target
What is State Terrorism?
it is carried out by governments, their unofficial agents, or proxies against perceived enemies, both domestic and/or international.
Using proxies (indirect representatives) allows the state what?
“deniability” such that they can officially argue the violence represents a grassroots reaction against their opponents.
State-initiated violence is normally waged to do what?
oppress (exploit and deprive) opponents or repress opponents (strike those who threaten the established order.)
What are the two ways in which the state can participate?
Sponsorship (promoting terrorism) and Enabling (helping terrorists and inhibiting counterterror efforts)
When did state support for terrorism overseas become very popular and what was it a substitute for?
the last quarter of the 20th century for direct military confrontation
What do governments consider terror sponsorships?
a cheap, successful alternative with limited political consequences
What is dissident terrorism?
it is terrorism “from below”: committed by non-state groups or movements that resist government or dominant racial/ethnic/etc. groups
What do the motives of dissident terrorism frequently originate from?
In grievances that are ignored by state officials
What is Criminal Terrorism?
It is motivated by sheer profit, or combination of profit and politics
What is International terrorism?
Terrorism that spills over onto the world stage and targets that are selected based on symbolic value
What is Ecoterrorism?
Illegal acts committed by groups supporting environmental-related causes
What are three examples of Ecoterrorism?
Sabotaging logging operations
Bombing university research laboratories
Targeting construction projects extending into wilderness areas
What are the 5 types if terrorism?
State, Dissident, Criminal, International, Eco
