Unit 03: Classifications

Question 1

Alex Schmid and Albert Jongman (2005) produced the following 10 bases typology. Name 5.

Answer 1

Actor, Victim, Cause, Environment, Means, Political-Orientation, Motivation, Demand, Purpose, and Target

Question 2

What is State Terrorism?

Answer 2

it is carried out by governments, their unofficial agents, or proxies against perceived enemies, both domestic and/or international.

Question 3

Using proxies (indirect representatives) allows the state what?

Answer 3

“deniability” such that they can officially argue the violence represents a grassroots reaction against their opponents.

Question 4

State-initiated violence is normally waged to do what?

Answer 4

oppress (exploit and deprive) opponents or repress opponents (strike those who threaten the established order.)

Question 5

What are the two ways in which the state can participate?

Answer 5

Sponsorship (promoting terrorism) and Enabling (helping terrorists and inhibiting counterterror efforts)

Question 6

When did state support for terrorism overseas become very popular and what was it a substitute for?

Answer 6

the last quarter of the 20th century for direct military confrontation

Question 7

What do governments consider terror sponsorships?

Answer 7

a cheap, successful alternative with limited political consequences

Question 8

What is dissident terrorism?

Answer 8

it is terrorism “from below”: committed by non-state groups or movements that resist government or dominant racial/ethnic/etc. groups

Question 9

What do the motives of dissident terrorism frequently originate from?

Answer 9

In grievances that are ignored by state officials

Question 10

What is Criminal Terrorism?

Answer 10

It is motivated by sheer profit, or combination of profit and politics

Question 11

What is International terrorism?

Answer 11

Terrorism that spills over onto the world stage and targets that are selected based on symbolic value

Question 12

What is Ecoterrorism?

Answer 12

Illegal acts committed by groups supporting environmental-related causes

Question 13

What are three examples of Ecoterrorism?

Answer 13

Sabotaging logging operations
Bombing university research laboratories
Targeting construction projects extending into wilderness areas

Question 14

What are the 5 types if terrorism?

Answer 14

State, Dissident, Criminal, International, Eco