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British History > Unionism and Co-operation > Flashcards

Unionism and Co-operation Flashcards

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1
Q

how did industrialisation contribute to unionism and co-operation

A

free trade took away independence+forced collective work

no more cottage industries

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2
Q

what two factors increased trade unionism

A

more factories= increased demand for workers could see their value
gov allowed independent regulation of business

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3
Q

trade societies

A

early organisations
skilled workers want to protect their trade
had a ‘close shop practice’ (only employ members of a union)

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4
Q

example of a trade society

A

London Printers 1793

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5
Q

were trade societies successful

A

yes, were needed for their trade

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6
Q

what tactics did trade societies use

A

strike+collective bargaining

some didn’t- wanted to protect families

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7
Q

knobsticks

A

immigrants who didn’t support union action

readiness of immigrant labour- undermined cause for worker protection

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8
Q

what facilitated the growth of trade unions

A

postal+rail= communication
led to Grand National Consolidated Trade union 1834
collection of unions

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9
Q

National Association for The Protection of Labour

A

1829
only lasted 2years
showed growing determination of unionism along broader lines

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10
Q

how were trade unions different than trade societies

A

bigger+broader interests

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11
Q

what was the most commons trade union action

A

strike for increase pay

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12
Q

how did population growth affect the trade union movement

A

1750-1850 6 mill to 17 mill+

power back to employers

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13
Q

how did the napoleonic wars impact the growth in trade unions

A

econ discontent-food prices up=demand higher wages

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14
Q

example of a group of workers protesting due to the affects of the napoleonic wars

A

weavers in wigon
stop wage reduction
1799
Association of weavers 14 branches lancashire in may 1799

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15
Q

how do the wigan weaver protests show the extent of the economic problems after the napoleonic wars

A

industry with above average wages

still demanding highers

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16
Q

how did the emergence of the factory system affect the growth of trade unions

A

employer+employee bad relations, don’t feel working for a common goal
conflicting values+interests wages vs profit

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17
Q

when was the combination acts repealed

A

1825

trade unions were now legal

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18
Q

why did early trade unions fail

A

employer power

too wedded to individual trade

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19
Q

what did the gov see trade unions an obstacle to?

A

wealth

french rev increase fear of unions

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20
Q

how did unions react to combinations act

A 
still grew (postal letters) 
largely ignored
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21
Q

how were gov attitudes toward trade unions influenced

A

circumstance
prosperity=liberal gov
MPs e.g Peel- more open minded

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22
Q

example to show gov still favoured employer

A

master and servants act 1823

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23
Q

what was the impact of trade unionism growth for employers and the gov

A

rise in militancy
1810+1818 cotton spinners strike
spread to other trades

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24
Q

what was the impact of trade unionism growth on the working class

A

Grand national 1+ mill members

document introduced

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25
Q

what was the ‘document’

A

sign to say say not+will not be in union
if did could be fired
caused collapse of grand national 1835 lots of members left

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26
Q

why was the grand national not successful in the long term

A

16K/1 MILL paid fees
1834 derby workers strike 4 months- most left union+went back to work
union couldn’t fund those on strike

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27
Q

Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

dorset
unionism in countryside
lack of employment
6 farmers protested

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28
Q

what was the result of the tolpuddle martyrs

A

1797 unlawful oath act invoked (7 yrs in prison exiled to australia)

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29
Q

The Almalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE)

A

1st sign of model unionism
12,000 members
combination of 3 smaller unions 1851
reaction to industrialisation+unskilled lab

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30
Q

who did ‘new model unionism’ support

A

skilled trade

Beatrice Webb; ‘aristocracy of labour’

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31
Q

how were new models funded

A

members taxed

didn’t rely on donations

32
Q

ASE funds by 1852

A

£12,000 most prominent union

33
Q

what did the ASE do between 1859-60 which inspired others to re-consider the traditional localised, industry specific model

A

supported London Builders Strike

used own resources to help others

34
Q

why did new model unionism get a better social response

A

moderate actions conformed with victorian society

35
Q

why did skilled labourers gain more leverage in 1850s

A

was relied upon e.g engineers to advance factory machinery

1874 trade union movement 1+ mill members

36
Q

what was the government feelings toward new model unions

A

wanted goof relations but not give them too much power
1867 repealed worse parts of master servant act
not many people in unions could vote but could influence voters

37
Q

the foundation of the trade union congress

A

1st universal organisation of labour

became more politicised

38
Q

what was the problems with the trade unions

A

still not unity, new models focused on own trades

unskilled still localised

39
Q

what was a trade council

A

grouping of local trade unions in an industry
no national voice
voice were all very autonomous

40
Q

what was the foundation of the trade union congress

A

meeting 1868 34 delegates representing 118,000

41
Q

how did the tuc become more politicised

A

2nd reform act 1867 send qualified men to parliament

42
Q

example of a trade council

A

1860 london trade council

represent workers in london

43
Q

what was the gov response to new model unionism

A

before 1850 negative
after more considerate due to strength e.g ASE
has skilled trade economy relied on

44
Q

what was the molestation of workmen act 1859

A

more rights to peaceful protest outside workplace

only conservative reform

45
Q

1867 royal commission

A

set up to investigate ‘sheffield’ outrages

should give unions more power?

46
Q

what did the minority report conclude from the investigation of the royal commission

A

trade unions complete legality

created trade union act 1871

47
Q

what started the growth of co-operative movements

A

new lanark robert owen 1779-1828

idea everyone should have a good life

48
Q

what did Robert Owen stress

A

power of education+importance of employee welfare

49
Q

did Robert Owen want to make a profit

A

yes

but employee experience and well being was more important

50
Q

what did Owen say shaped someone’s character

A

their environment

wanted to build communities that look after people

51
Q

how did Owen motivate people to work

A 
punishment replace wi incentive to work 
silent monitor(colour block above head-quality of work)
52
Q

what was the idea behind Owen’s silent monitor

A

appeal to workers sense of social standing

53
Q

conditions at New Lanark

A

10=min working age
12hr=max working day
1h30=lunch
free child education

54
Q

how did Owen respond to the USA cotton embargo

A

still paid workers even though not working

55
Q

what did Owen new lanark inspire

A

co-operative+economical society 1821

‘the co-operator’ newsppr 1827

56
Q

how many co-operative stores were there by 1832

A

500

57
Q

co-operative stores vs communal

A

more co-operatives showed difficulty living in the competitive society

58
Q

what did co-op stores have

A

good quality goods
fair prices
profits to owners/customers

59
Q

what was an exchange bazar (co-operative activies)

A

exchange good for tokens equal value of good only lasted two years

60
Q

what happened to most co-operative activies

A

failed= had no business sense and lacked members

did create more equalisation by 1860s

61
Q

the Rochdale pioneers

A

1840s depressed economic climate encouraged new activities

rochal co-op shop 1844 formalised model of co-op business

62
Q

did other trades like co-ops

A

no

63
Q

how were the rochdale pioneers successful and other co-ops weren’t

A

set clear principles to follow

64
Q

what were some of the principles of the rochdale pionners

A

profit/ upon amount purchased by each person
full weights and measures (attracted customers)
leaders more ‘honest’ businessmen as they elected

65
Q

after reading about the rochdale pioneers how many more co-ops were set up

A

251

pioneers grew so much they sre up co-op wholesale society 1863

66
Q

co-operative economics

A

profit/more people=modest improvement over larger portion of society
co-ops total owned property= £300,000 by 1870s

67
Q

what was a friendly society

A

reaction to individualistic nature of industrialisation

men came together provide benefits for eachother e.g insurance,pensions,loans (paid into mutual fund)

68
Q

why did the gov not like friendly societies

A

could stir up revolution

69
Q

friendly societies act 1793

A

had to register as one
had to have a set of rules on how they govern themselves
activity reports every 3 months

70
Q

what was the aim of the friendly societies act 1793

A

reduce numbers+more trasnparency

did the opposite

71
Q

growth of friendly societies

A

1803=8% population members of friendly

members=skilled workers+excluded poorest (couldn’t pay fee)

72
Q

later developments of friendly societies

A

industry areas

grew due to ban/negative image of trade unions

73
Q

friendly societies act 1855

A

how to registers with central gov departments ‘registra of FS’
gov shhowed more interest as they grew

74
Q

did gov see the benefit of friendly societies

A

started to, recognised welfare benefits

75
Q

ratio of FS to trade unions by 1870

A

4:1

British History (5 decks)

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