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British History > Democracy, Protest and Reform > Flashcards

Democracy, Protest and Reform Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of constituencies

A

counties (rural shires)

boroughs (urban towns)

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2
Q

what were the problems with pre-reformed parliament

A

lack of secret ballot-(intimidation)
11% population could vote
rotten borough
unrepresentative

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3
Q

rotten borough

A

small town important in middle ages
not anymore
e.g 2 MPs in Dunwich

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4
Q

give an example of a city that wasn’t represented as a borough

A

Birmingham

1831- 144,000 population

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5
Q

what was the problem with each county having 2 MPs

A

unrepresentative
Bedfordshire 2,000 population
Yorkshire 20,000

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6
Q

what was wrong with borough qualifications

A

too complicated

e.g scot and lot, freemen +corporation

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7
Q

when was the 1st attempt for reform and why didn’t it work

A

William Pitt disenfranchise 36 worst boroughs
defeated by 74
1780s system benefited those in power

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8
Q

who wrote ‘rights of man’

A

Thomas Paine
1793
called for radical reform+critisised inequalities
sold 200,000

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9
Q

what was the impact of the french revolution on parliamentary reform

A

1789 aristorcratic rule overthrown ‘rule by the rich’

set wave of new ideas

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10
Q

which two groups called for reform after the french revolution

A

sheffield society for constitutional info

london corresponding society

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11
Q

what did the sheffield society do in 1791

A

10,000 signatures national petition manhood suffrage

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12
Q

what did the london corresponding society do 1792

A

set up demonstration over 100,000

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13
Q

what was the impact of the napoleonic wars on parliamentary reform

A

gov took tight control
focus on patriotism not reform
movement re-emerged when soldiers returned to bad economy
too much labour=low wages

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14
Q

what happened after the napoleonic wars ended in 1815 which increased demand for reform

A

1816-17 harvest failures increase food prices

gov need to be supporting those in need

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15
Q

what was the main drive of parliamentary reform

A

usually discontent over economy

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16
Q

early 1800s parliamentary reform protests

A

spa fields islington 1816
march of blanketeers 1817
st peters field 1818

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17
Q

peterloo massacre

A

16th August 1819
speaker Henry Hunt
60,000
18 dead, 400 wounded

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18
Q

what did the government pass as a direct reaction to the peterloo massacre

A

6 Acts- ban on public meetings 50+, death penalty for speeches
suggested gov was fearful

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19
Q

what was the impact of the 6 acts on the reform movements after 1819

A

drove moderates away-scared

encouraged some reformers e.g Authur Thistlewood

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20
Q

why was there declining reform violence in the 1820s

A

improving economy

peterloo act as a lesson

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21
Q

why did the middle class start to make political demands

A 
wanted laissez faire economy 
french war-gov took tight control 
leg to restrict trade 
they didn't like this 
corn laws so employers had to increase wages so employees could get enough food to work
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22
Q

corn laws 1815

A

no foreign corn
protect farmers
bread price increase in cities
people not strong enough to work

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23
Q

why were the middle class successful in demanding for reform

A

employed most population
gave country resources
aristorcratic favourtism-inefficient

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24
Q

the economy in the 1820s

A

1821-29 GDP grew by 16.8%

gov relax grip on counry

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25
Q

what caused reform to re-emerge at the end of the 1820s

A

1828-29 harvest failures
increase food prices
200+ petitions
swing riots in SE

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26
Q

how did those in power view reform

A

a way of appeasement

give a little bit at a time to control

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27
Q

The Birmingham Political Union

A

1829 set up by Thomas Attwood
aim = more representation
became model for other unions

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28
Q

what were the causes of the 1832 reform act

A 
Tory Hegemony 
middle class pressure 
the resignation of lord liverpool 
passage of the act 
riots+3rd reform bill 
days of may
29
Q

how was Tory Hegemony a cause of the 1832 reform act

A 
party seemed united-hard for whig challengers
1691 Penal laws 
increase sympathy-catholic question 
1823 Catholic association=more focus 
focus of 1826 GE-showed weakness 
still got in
30
Q

1691 penal laws

A

no catholics in parliament

31
Q

how was the resignation of lord liverpool+tory crisis a cause of the 1832 reform act

A

1827 resigned
3 leaders in 11months
divided liberals+ultras
1830 whigs in power

32
Q

whop was the leader of the whig party in 1830

A

earl grey
he wanted to extend the vote gave him more chance of being re-elected
march 1831 presented a bill

33
Q

how was the passage of the act; 1st+2nd bills a cause of the 1832 reform act

A

struggled in commons, amended in committee
grey asked king to dissolve parliament
had a GE 140 majority
through commons blocked at lords

34
Q

how was the days of may a cause of the 1832 reform act

A

king asked wellington (Tory) to form gov
didn’t get enough support
country financial protest withdrew £1.8mill 10 days
king gave grey peers to pass act
tories didn;t want defeat by peers so agreed to act

35
Q

what were the provisions of the reform act

A 
56 boroughs disenfranchised 
42 new 
adult males property £10 a year
had to be registered 
borough uniform qualifications
36
Q

what was the size of the electorate after the 1832 reform act

A

366,000 to 650,000

18% adult male population

37
Q

who did the act still favour

A

counties
370 MPs from south
120 from densley populated North

38
Q

who did the 1832 act not represent

A 
working class 
only extended to business owners 
continued discontent
39
Q

when was chartism set up and by who

A

1836 London Working Men’s Association

political reform for working class

40
Q

chartists 6 aims

A 
equal representation
manhood suffrage 21+
annual parliaments 
remove property qualifications for MPs 
secret ballot 
pay MPs
41
Q

chartist membership

A 
working class e.g craftsmen 
middle class 
fluctuated-good economy=less members
42
Q

moral force chartism

A

William Lovett
Thomas Attwood
petitions+leaflets
change view on how working class were seen (ignorant+violent)

43
Q

physical force chartism

A

Fergus O’connor+George Harney

strike (even armed rev)

44
Q

1st chartist petition

A

1889
1.2 mill sigs
235-46 lost

45
Q

what was one of the main reasons the 1st chartist petition failed

A

physical force took opp to trike
newport rising 5,000 miners
1839-41 500 prison

46
Q

2nd chartist petition

A

1842
3 mill
still defeated
people looking for other things

47
Q

what did people start to look to after the failure of the second chartist petition

A

e.g Land Plan Fergus O’connor

attracked 70,00 by 1848

48
Q

Kennington common rally and 3rd chartist petition

A

10th April rally
get 5 million signatures
decline-told sig weren’t genuine

49
Q

what were the reasons for the failure of chartism

A 
hunger politics 
poor leadership 
too ambitious 
gov legislation 
gov determination
50
Q

why was hunger politics a reason for chartist failure

A

rise+fall of membership

economic change actually cause for unrest

51
Q

poor leadership (failure of chartism)

A

didn’t have definitive approach

moral/physical

52
Q

too ambitious (failure of chartism)

A

radical
6 aims
asking people who didnt want change

53
Q

gov legislation (failure of chartism)

A

10 hour act
repeal corn laws
took away some working class discontent
undermined chartists

54
Q

gov determination (failure of chartism)

A

railway networks-transport troops to areas of discontent
shown strength at peterloo
1848 3rd petition 8,000 soldiers+ 150,000 speical constables

55
Q

continuity in the political systems by 1850

A

franchise extension=re-inforced elite

corruption+intimidation no secret ballot

56
Q

change in the political system by 1850

A

registration to vote- system more professional
1835 Muncipal Corporations Act-ELECTED councils
attitude shift-more responsive to electorate

57
Q

examples of ‘radical’ whig reformers in second half of 1800

A

Peter Locke King

Joseph Hume- reform bill every session of parliament 1848-62

58
Q

population change

A

1821-24 mill
1861- 31 mill
electorate map out of dates

59
Q

early political efforts to extend the franchise

A 
1852 Russel lower qual to £6 was reject
cons £10 extend to counties 
1st would help whigs+ 2nd cons 
neither passed 
1868 abolish property qual for Mps
60
Q

how was the american civil war a motive for reform in late 1800

A 
Uk's biggest cotton import 
1861 civil war='cotton famine' 
working class not protest but made best of bad situation 
Gladstone (chanc of Exchq) impressed by response 
grew awareness value working class
61
Q

how was Lord Palmerston a motive for reform

A

Tory MP 1859
anti reform
caused reform question again-John Bright moderniser+co-founder anti corn law leag

62
Q

The Reform Union

A

1864
secret ballot+all male ratepayers vote
liberal minded employers e,g Morely (MP)
respectable lobbyists

63
Q

The Reform League

A 
1865 Reform League 
secret ballot+universal male suffrage 
working class 
ex-chartists+trade union 
seen as radical (weren't) 
demonstrations
64
Q

Gladstone’s Reform Bill 1866

A

1865 Palmerstone dead
Bill reduced £7 qual
was rejected

65
Q

The Adullamites+liberal divisions

A

adullamites against gladstone reform
whigs more inclusive=broader opinions
amendment made to his bill
russel resigned

66
Q

the role of disraeli in the second reform act

A

own bill 1867
allowed radical whig amendments
passed august 1867

67
Q

what was the impact of the reform act of 1867

A 
2.46 mill voters 
more profess campaigns 
more representative 
big population areas get more power 
midlands+north still unrepresented
no women+still plural voting
68
Q

what were the details of the second reform act 1967

A 
45 seats from boroughs 
redistributed counties+new boroughs 
borough male vote if there for year 
lodgers boroughs £10 
counties all owners £5 year

British History (5 decks)

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