Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards
what made the industrial revolution possible
Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine 1712
proto-type for steam powered factories
spinning jenny 1770 revolutionised textiles
why was the growth in banking a cause of the industrial revolution
financial transaction easier and safer
clear way to manage mone-growth on national scale
source of capital
loans on machinery (esp cotton)
how many bankers were there in 1808
800 banks
what were county banks allowed to do in 1797
paper currency
give an example of a big bank in london
Goldsmiths
what was a joint stock bank
owned by several people
allowed growth on national scale
cap on them in 1826
what did the gov allow joint stock banks to do in 1833
issue cheques
draw them out at any bank
how many stock banks were there in 1866
154 joint stock banks
850 branches
numbers which show how the bank loan for textile machinery allowed it to grow
1833 £500 million+ employed 833,000
what sped up the process of cotton spinning
Arkwright’s water frame 1769
Cromptons spinning mule 1779
how did banks help the landed gentry
could invest in building railways+docks to help trade
a new industrial middle class
1816-1831 increased by 75%
214,000+
created ‘master and servant’ relationship-fuelled later social movements
north/south divide
counties used to have economic power-provided food
industry moved areas wi better transport+coalfields
which areas of Britain had coalfields
midlands, clyde valley + North
what did area of work did each part of the country specialise in
NW= textile
NE=mining
midlands=engineering
south=agrarian-still important for food
farming tech
Andrew Meikles Threshing machine 1789
population growth in cities
1750 2 cities wi pop 50,000+
1851 29
London 2.3 million
why was there an increase in population growth in cities
road improved
rail networks
people moved near factories where they worked
Manchester, Leeds Bham
living conditions in industrial towns
back to backs dark respiratory problems 1801 2/3 B'ham in B2B 1831 cholera outbreak 32,000
what attitude did the gov have toward the economy
laissez faire
what was the combinations act and how does it show gov attitude toward industrial development
1799-1800
illegal to form trade union
didn’t want a revolution of workers
servant act 1823 and what does it show about government
failure to fill contract of work was a crime
could go to prison
stop people from taking industrial action
how did the gov strengthen their power over transports
1844 railway regulation act
example of laissez faire gov attitude
repeal corn laws 1846
only intervene in times of need?
why did the gov repeal the corn laws
saw as a hinderence so remove to promote industrialisation
1844 Banking Charter Act
new joint stock banks cap lifetime 20 yrs
gov involvement
working conditions in factories
accidents, purpose profit
men 14/6
fines for lateness e.g hour wage
1770-1850 6-55 mill tons of coal used
what was the working conditions like for women
half pay of men
jobs men didnt want ‘hurrier in the mines’
working conditions for children
1821 49% working population 20+under
kids under machine pick up cotton don’t waste it
minings act 1842
women couldn’t work in mines
boys under 10 not in mines
the luddites
nottingham 1811
agresssive against employers intro of steam powered looms
what protest did the luddites do
1812 1,000 frames destroyed
what was the government response to the luddites
1812 frame breaking act
frame breaking crime punishable by death
Why did the luddites protest
response to economic fear
angry being replaced by unskilled workers+machinery
emotive response- loss of identity
Ten hour movement
1830
realised violence didn’t work
petitions+mass meetings
which influential people were attracted to the ten hour movement
Michael Sadler+Lord Ashley
the moral perspective appealed to them
what was the result of the 10 hour movement
1833 factory act
restricted hours of child lab but not to ten
why was the ten hour movement partially successful
strong support in influential circles
examples of early 19th century industrial protest
luddites
ten hour movement
swing riots
Captain swing and Agrarian unrest
1830 south swing riots
2 poor harvests+threshing machine takes winter work
wanted wage increase+reduced rent
1st example strength of rural populations
how did the swing riots contribute to the reform act
riots happening on land which MPs owned
scared them
1,976 arrested
who supported factory reform
working class
MPs worried about long term productivity
moral groups-ashely
different motives so group wasnt stable
why did some MPs argue reform had to happen for long term productivity reasons?
over work children now
long term health damage
don’t work as well when older
who opposed factory reform
industrial middle class
wanted free trade
needed to be left to run own factories
changes affect short term productivity+costs
why did the middle class business owners not like the corn laws
had to pay workers more so they could be healthy and afford enough bread
what was the problem with the 1802,1819+1831 factory acts
weren’t enforced
good points about 1833 factory act
more paternal gov no child under 9 work children under 13 2 hours education per day inspect factories symbol gov had listened
what were the limitations of the 1833 factory act
only applied to textile industry
only 4 men on inspectorate
conformed society to seperate spheres
what did the 1833 factory act leave open
prospect of more reform
1844 FA limite womens working same as children
fencing on machines
increase conern for safety/wanted women at home more
1847 factory act
10 hour working day
not for men
where did the demand for reform of living conditions come from
more wealth in the country
harder to escape poverty
bigger rich/poor gap
what did Edwin Chadwick determine as the reason for poor living conditions
cause+spread of disease
1842
Peel’s response= it’s a local issue+wanted limited gov
what was the Health of Towns Association
promoted public health act
had affluent members
Public Health Act 1848
public pressure+typhus outbreak set up central board of health not enforced didn't rlly help working class did set a precedent
burial act 1852-57
reduce frequency of disease
public network of cemeteries
sanitary act 1866
enforcement of sanitary practices
sanitary inspections
couldn’t overlook responsibilities
