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Eco and Evo > Unikonta > Flashcards

Unikonta Flashcards

1
Q

Amoebozoa

A

includes lobose amoeba and slime molds

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2
Q

slime molds

A

type of amoebozoa

originally classified as fungi

individuals come together to form “supercell” with many nuclei

important role in nutrient recycling

amoeboid motion

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3
Q

amoeboid motion

A

sliding movement

extension of pseudopodia

rest of cell follows

requires ATP and coordination of actin and myosin in the cytoplasm

motion also used in phagocytosis feeding

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4
Q

fungi

A

oldest fossils 440 mya

unicellular (yeasts)

multicellular (mycelium)
-hyphae and mycelium

heterotrophs

  • release digestive enzymes into the environment (extracellular digestion)
  • absorb molecules through their cell walls

no locomotion
-grow and retract in response to resources in the environment

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5
Q

hyphae

A

slender filaments with high surface area for absorbing nutrients

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6
Q

mycelium

A

dense mats of hyphae

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7
Q

extracellular digestion

A

releasing digestive enzymes into the environment

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8
Q

fungi hyphae

A

long, narrow filaments with lots of branches

cell walls typically made of chitin

most have septa- cross walls
-contain pores that enable materials to be passed between compartments

others are coenocytic- without septa, have many nuclei

thinner than plant root hairs, so can access tighter spaces in soils

because hyphae are so thin, fungi have very high surface-to-volume rations

increases capacity for absorption

also increases evaporation of water
-most fungi live in moist habitats

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9
Q

chitin

A

what makes up the cell walls in fungi hyphae

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10
Q

septa

A

cross walls in fungi hyphae

contain pores that enable materials to be passed between compartments

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11
Q

coenocytic

A

the state of fungi hyphae that do not have septa and have many nuclei

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12
Q

fungi reproduction

A

mushrooms are the fruiting (reproductive bodies of mycelium species

made of dense hyphae

produce spores that are responsible for dispersal

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13
Q

nature’s recyclers

A

carbon cycle

  • fixation by primary producers
  • release by cellular respiration

fungi often responsible for linking these two parts of cycle breaking down dead plants

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14
Q

carbon cycle

A

fixation by primary producers

release by cellular respiration

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15
Q

decomposers

A

main role in ecosystem is decomposing organic material

saprophytic

recycle key elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus for plants and animals

requires ability to digest lignin and cellulose
-only fungi and a handful of bacteria can digest both

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16
Q

saprophyte

A

organism that feeds primarily on dead organic matter

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17
Q

lignin and cellulose digestion

A

plant cell walls contain strong polymers lignin and cellulose that makes them difficult to digest

without fungi the terrestrial habitats of Earth would be covered in dead trees

lignin peroxidase- breaks down lignin
-lignin is not infested, but needs to be broken down to expose cellulose

several cellulase enzymes
-cellulose broken down into monomer (glucose) for consumption

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18
Q

mutualistic relationship example

A

leaf cutter ants and fungi

mycorrhizal fungi

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19
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots

fungi receives carbohydrates from plants

plants receive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from fungi

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20
Q

fungi interactions with humans

A

penicillin: antibiotic derived from fungus

food, leavening agent, fermentation

also used in some detergents and pesticides

loss of food due to blights or spoilage

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21
Q

Humongous fungus

A

largest organisms on Earth

honey mushroom in eastern Oregon

about 3.5 square miles

confirmed with DNA testing

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22
Q

choanoflagellates

A

closest extant relatives of animals

unicellular protists

“collared flagellates”

common in freshwater and oceans

sessile: live permanently attached to substrate

many species form colonies

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23
Q

sessile

A

live permanently attached to substrate

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24
Q

animal characteristics

A

all are multicellular heterotrophs

all animals move under their own power at some point in their life cycle

all except sponges have neurons and muscle cells

usually invest food before digestion

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25
Q

oldest animal lineages

A

porifera (sponges)

ctenophora (comb jellies)

cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones)

aceola (acoels)

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26
Q

porifera (sponges)

A

earliest animals in the fossil record
-635 mya; before cambrian explosion

primarily sessile

lack complex tissues, but have “tool kit” of genes related to complex process
e.g. specialization of cells, regulation of cell growth, cell-cell adhesion

choanocyte- specialized feeding cell

support achieved by:

  • secreted exoskeleton of calcium carbonate
  • spicules
  • spongin fibers
    • can be combinations of 3
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27
Q

choanocyte

A

specialized feed cell, in Porifera

beating flagella creates water current

organic debris collected

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28
Q

spicules

A

silicia or calcium carbonate

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29
Q

secreted exoskeleton

A

made of calcium carbonate

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30
Q

spongin fibers

A

collagen protein

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31
Q

ctenophora (comb jellies)

A

oldest fossils
-550 mya; before cambrian explosion

move via eight combs of cilia

  • largest organisms to move using cilia
  • range from few mm to 1.5 m

radial symmetry

capture food with sticky colloblast cells

decentralized nerve net

embryos for most species are diploblasts

two type of germ layer tissues

  • ectoderm (outer)
  • endoderm (inner)
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32
Q

History view: porifera-first hypothesis

A

favored based on parsimony evolution of morphological characters

also supported by some genomic studies

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33
Q

alternative view: ctenophore-first hypothesis

A

requires more steps (against parsimony)

some molecular evidence that Ctenophore neurons are not homologous to neurons of other animals

supported by most recent genomic studies

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34
Q

cnidaria

A

oldest fossils
-55 mya; before Cambrian explosion

variety of mostly marine species: anemones, corals, hydrozoans, jellyfish, box jellies

cnidocytes: specialized cells for capturing prey or defense
- usually on tentacles or near cavity opening
- eject a barbed, spear-like structure that may contain toxins

diploblast embryos

  • in developed individuals:
  • ectoderm and endoderm layer surround gelatinous mesoglea
  • gastrovascular cavity with one opening

diffuse nerve net via hydra

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35
Q

jellyfish life cycle

A

includes a sessile polyp and a free-floating medusa

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36
Q

cnidaria- radial or bilateral symmetry

A

recent research shows that cnidarians genes related to bilateral symmetry
-Hox and app genes

while genes involved and complexity not as extensive, provides evidence that some genetic tools for bilateralism evolved early

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37
Q

Bilateria- traits of common ancestor

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
  • cephalization
  • central nervous system
  • triploblast embryos
  • coelom
38
Q

cephalization

A

evolution of the head (anterior) region where feeding, sensing environment, and information processing is concentrated

39
Q

central nervous system

A

neurons clustered into one or more tracts through body

contests the nerve net- diffusion of neurons in hydra

40
Q

ganglia

A

a mass of neurons in a centralized nervous system

41
Q

triploblasty

A

three germ layers:

ectoderm- skin and nervous system

endoderm- lining of the digestive tract

mesoderm- circulatory system, muscle, internal structures

42
Q

ectoderm

A

skin and nervous system

43
Q

endoderm

A

lining of the digestive tract

44
Q

mesoderm

A

circulatory system, muscle, internal structures

lines the coelom

45
Q

coelom

A

fluid-filled cavity between the inner and outer tubes

lined with mesoderm

‘tube-within-tube’ body plan

found in most bilateria

provides a hydrostatic skeleton

46
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

gives support and allows movement for soft-bodied animals without limbs/fins

provided by the coelom

47
Q

bilateria transitions to land

A

the oldest fossils: around Cambrian explosion and were marine

still abundant in aquatic environments, but also multiple transitions to land after Cambrian explosion (after land plants)

48
Q

terrestrial selective pressures in transition to land

A
  • gas exchange
  • desiccation (dehydration)
  • support of body weight
49
Q

some adaptations in transition to land

A

respiratory structures inside the body to reduce water loss

reduced porosity of surface

better able to move, seek suitable environment

50
Q

gastrulation

A

early developmental phase during which the three germ layers are formed

either protostome or deuterostome

51
Q

protostome

A

“first-mouth”

pore becomes mouth

52
Q

deuterostome

A

“second-mouth”

pore becomes anus

53
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

includes Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Mollusca

54
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

A

flattened, unsegmented body

found in marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial environments

loss of coelom

digestive tract with only one opening

some are endoparasitic
e.g. tapeworms

55
Q

Mollusca (mollusks)

A
  • bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters)
  • cephalopoda (nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopuses)
  • gastropoda (snails, slugs, nudibranchs)
  • polyplacophora (chitons)

body with three major parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle

56
Q

foot (mollusks)

A

large muscle at base of individual, usually used for movement

a type of muscular hydrostat

snails-waves of muscle contraction along foot allows individuals to “crawl”

bihalves- digging appendage

cephalopods - forms tentacles for crawling and grasping

57
Q

visceral mass

A

region containing most of the internal organs as well as external gill

separates internal organs from the foot (hydrostatic muscle)

contains the radula
-specialized feeding structure with sharp plates that rasp/file food

58
Q

mantle

A

outgrowth that covers the visceral mass

secretes a hard protective calcium carbonate shell in many species

may have evolved in response to selection pressures imposed by predation during Cambrian

shells are heavy

  • trade-off between protection and mobility
  • thick shells usually in marine species (water supports weight)
59
Q

muscular hydrostat

A

type of hydrostatic skeleton giving support to the body

e.g. the foot of mollusks

60
Q

radula

A

specialized feeding structure with sharp plates that rasp/file food

part of the visceral mass

lost in bivalves

61
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

includes nematoda and arthropoda

62
Q

Nematoda (nematodes)

A

round, unsegmented worms (roundworms)

molt during growth

widespread and can be abundant
-90,000 in single apple, ~1 billion per acre of rich farm soil

free-living and parasitic species

63
Q

main athropoda lineages

A

pancrustacea (crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, insects)

myriapods (millipedes, centipedes)

chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, arachnids)

64
Q

arthropoda characteristics

A

grow by molting an outer exoskeleton

  • made primarily of the polysaccharide chitin
  • provides protection
  • structure for muscle attachment

movement possible due to jointed appendages

body is segmented into discrete regions (tagmata)

modular body plan
-gene expression patterns create a wide diversity of functions for different body parts

65
Q

jointed appendages

A

makes movement possible for arthropoda

66
Q

tagmata

A

the discrete regions that the body of arthropoda are segmented into

67
Q

modular body plan

A

gene expression patterns create a wide diversity of functions for different body parts

68
Q

Insecta metamorphosis

A

hemimetabolous metamorphosis
-juvenile nymphs are small, but are often adults in body plan and niche

holometabolous metamorphosis

  • distinct large larval stage
  • after growth, larva secretes pupa (protective case)
  • body plan is completely remodeled
  • emerges as adult
69
Q

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

A

juvenile nymphs are small, but are often adults in body plan and niche

70
Q

holometabolous metamorphosis

A

distinct large larval stage

after growth, larva secretes pupa (protective case)

body plan is completely remodeled

emerges as adult

homometaolous species are a monophyletic clade

71
Q

hemimetabolous and holometabolous species

A

homometaolous species are a monophyletic clade

hemimetabolous- 130,000 holometabolous-850,000

hypotheses?

  • reduced competition between stages
  • increased specialization between stages
72
Q

Deuterostomes

A

includes echinodermata and chordata

73
Q

echinodermata characteristics

A

sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

“spink-skins”

larvae have bilateral symmetry

adults have pentaradial symmetry
-5 sided radial symmetry

loss of cephalization
-can interact with environment using all five sides at once

endoskeleton: internal skeleton for protection and support made of calcium carbonate

water vascular system

74
Q

endoskeleton

A

internal skeleton for protection and support made of calcium carbonate

75
Q

water vascular system

A

water moves via beating cilia

tube feet appendages
-used for capturing prey suspension feeding, deposit feeding

in echinoderms

76
Q

main chordata lineages

A

chephalochodata (lancelets)

urochordata (tunicates)

vertebrata (jawless fish, shark/rays, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals)

77
Q

chordata characteristics

A

pharyngeal gill slits

  • used for filter feeding in aquatic chordates
  • only present in embryonic stages of tetrapods

hollow nerve chord is dorsal
-lost in adult urochordates

notochord

post-anal tail

78
Q

vertebrata

A

includes jawless fish, sharks/rays, bony fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals

79
Q

notochord

A

in chordata

origin yet flexible

becomes intervertebrate discs in vertebrates

80
Q

pharyngeal gill slits

A
  • used for filter feeding in aquatic chordates

- only present in embryonic stages of tetrapods

81
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

includes proteins specialized for cell-cell adhesion and communication

82
Q

benthic

A

live at the bottom of aquatic environments

83
Q

colonies

A

groups of individuals attached to each other

84
Q

coelomates

A

bilaterians whose coelom is completely lined with mesoderm

85
Q

acoelomates

A

bilaterians that have no coelom

e.g. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

86
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

bilaterians whose coelom is only partially lined with mesoderm

e.g. Nematoda (roundworms)

87
Q

cephalothorax

A

“head-chest”

88
Q

simple eyes

A

few to many clustered on the sides of the head

89
Q

a compound eye

A

contains many lenses, each associated with a light-sensing, columnar structure

90
Q

siphons

A

tubes formed by muscle that lines the mantle in bivalves and cephalopods

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