Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Eco and Evo > Unikonta > Flashcards

Unikonta Flashcards

1
Q

Amoebozoa

A

includes lobose amoeba and slime molds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

slime molds

A

type of amoebozoa

originally classified as fungi

individuals come together to form “supercell” with many nuclei

important role in nutrient recycling

amoeboid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

amoeboid motion

A

sliding movement

extension of pseudopodia

rest of cell follows

requires ATP and coordination of actin and myosin in the cytoplasm

motion also used in phagocytosis feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fungi

A

oldest fossils 440 mya

unicellular (yeasts)

multicellular (mycelium)
-hyphae and mycelium

heterotrophs

  • release digestive enzymes into the environment (extracellular digestion)
  • absorb molecules through their cell walls

no locomotion
-grow and retract in response to resources in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hyphae

A

slender filaments with high surface area for absorbing nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mycelium

A

dense mats of hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

extracellular digestion

A

releasing digestive enzymes into the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fungi hyphae

A

long, narrow filaments with lots of branches

cell walls typically made of chitin

most have septa- cross walls
-contain pores that enable materials to be passed between compartments

others are coenocytic- without septa, have many nuclei

thinner than plant root hairs, so can access tighter spaces in soils

because hyphae are so thin, fungi have very high surface-to-volume rations

increases capacity for absorption

also increases evaporation of water
-most fungi live in moist habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chitin

A

what makes up the cell walls in fungi hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

septa

A

cross walls in fungi hyphae

contain pores that enable materials to be passed between compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

coenocytic

A

the state of fungi hyphae that do not have septa and have many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fungi reproduction

A

mushrooms are the fruiting (reproductive bodies of mycelium species

made of dense hyphae

produce spores that are responsible for dispersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nature’s recyclers

A

carbon cycle

  • fixation by primary producers
  • release by cellular respiration

fungi often responsible for linking these two parts of cycle breaking down dead plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carbon cycle

A

fixation by primary producers

release by cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

decomposers

A

main role in ecosystem is decomposing organic material

saprophytic

recycle key elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus for plants and animals

requires ability to digest lignin and cellulose
-only fungi and a handful of bacteria can digest both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

saprophyte

A

organism that feeds primarily on dead organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lignin and cellulose digestion

A

plant cell walls contain strong polymers lignin and cellulose that makes them difficult to digest

without fungi the terrestrial habitats of Earth would be covered in dead trees

lignin peroxidase- breaks down lignin
-lignin is not infested, but needs to be broken down to expose cellulose

several cellulase enzymes
-cellulose broken down into monomer (glucose) for consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mutualistic relationship example

A

leaf cutter ants and fungi

mycorrhizal fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots

fungi receives carbohydrates from plants

plants receive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fungi interactions with humans

A

penicillin: antibiotic derived from fungus

food, leavening agent, fermentation

also used in some detergents and pesticides

loss of food due to blights or spoilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Humongous fungus

A

largest organisms on Earth

honey mushroom in eastern Oregon

about 3.5 square miles

confirmed with DNA testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

choanoflagellates

A

closest extant relatives of animals

unicellular protists

“collared flagellates”

common in freshwater and oceans

sessile: live permanently attached to substrate

many species form colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sessile

A

live permanently attached to substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

animal characteristics

A

all are multicellular heterotrophs

all animals move under their own power at some point in their life cycle

all except sponges have neurons and muscle cells

usually invest food before digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
oldest animal lineages
porifera (sponges) ctenophora (comb jellies) cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) aceola (acoels)
26
porifera (sponges)
earliest animals in the fossil record -635 mya; before cambrian explosion primarily sessile lack complex tissues, but have "tool kit" of genes related to complex process e.g. specialization of cells, regulation of cell growth, cell-cell adhesion choanocyte- specialized feeding cell support achieved by: - secreted exoskeleton of calcium carbonate - spicules - spongin fibers - - can be combinations of 3
27
choanocyte
specialized feed cell, in Porifera beating flagella creates water current organic debris collected
28
spicules
silicia or calcium carbonate
29
secreted exoskeleton
made of calcium carbonate
30
spongin fibers
collagen protein
31
ctenophora (comb jellies)
oldest fossils -550 mya; before cambrian explosion move via eight combs of cilia - largest organisms to move using cilia - range from few mm to 1.5 m radial symmetry capture food with sticky colloblast cells decentralized nerve net embryos for most species are diploblasts two type of germ layer tissues - ectoderm (outer) - endoderm (inner)
32
History view: porifera-first hypothesis
favored based on parsimony evolution of morphological characters also supported by some genomic studies
33
alternative view: ctenophore-first hypothesis
requires more steps (against parsimony) some molecular evidence that Ctenophore neurons are not homologous to neurons of other animals supported by most recent genomic studies
34
cnidaria
oldest fossils -55 mya; before Cambrian explosion variety of mostly marine species: anemones, corals, hydrozoans, jellyfish, box jellies cnidocytes: specialized cells for capturing prey or defense - usually on tentacles or near cavity opening - eject a barbed, spear-like structure that may contain toxins diploblast embryos - in developed individuals: - ectoderm and endoderm layer surround gelatinous mesoglea - gastrovascular cavity with one opening diffuse nerve net via hydra
35
jellyfish life cycle
includes a sessile polyp and a free-floating medusa
36
cnidaria- radial or bilateral symmetry
recent research shows that cnidarians genes related to bilateral symmetry -Hox and app genes while genes involved and complexity not as extensive, provides evidence that some genetic tools for bilateralism evolved early
37
Bilateria- traits of common ancestor
- bilateral symmetry - complete digestive tract with mouth and anus - cephalization - central nervous system - triploblast embryos - coelom
38
cephalization
evolution of the head (anterior) region where feeding, sensing environment, and information processing is concentrated
39
central nervous system
neurons clustered into one or more tracts through body contests the nerve net- diffusion of neurons in hydra
40
ganglia
a mass of neurons in a centralized nervous system
41
triploblasty
three germ layers: ectoderm- skin and nervous system endoderm- lining of the digestive tract mesoderm- circulatory system, muscle, internal structures
42
ectoderm
skin and nervous system
43
endoderm
lining of the digestive tract
44
mesoderm
circulatory system, muscle, internal structures lines the coelom
45
coelom
fluid-filled cavity between the inner and outer tubes lined with mesoderm 'tube-within-tube' body plan found in most bilateria provides a hydrostatic skeleton
46
hydrostatic skeleton
gives support and allows movement for soft-bodied animals without limbs/fins provided by the coelom
47
bilateria transitions to land
the oldest fossils: around Cambrian explosion and were marine still abundant in aquatic environments, but also multiple transitions to land after Cambrian explosion (after land plants)
48
terrestrial selective pressures in transition to land
- gas exchange - desiccation (dehydration) - support of body weight
49
some adaptations in transition to land
respiratory structures inside the body to reduce water loss reduced porosity of surface better able to move, seek suitable environment
50
gastrulation
early developmental phase during which the three germ layers are formed either protostome or deuterostome
51
protostome
"first-mouth" pore becomes mouth
52
deuterostome
"second-mouth" pore becomes anus
53
Lophotrochozoa
includes Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Mollusca
54
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
flattened, unsegmented body found in marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial environments loss of coelom digestive tract with only one opening some are endoparasitic e.g. tapeworms
55
Mollusca (mollusks)
- bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters) - cephalopoda (nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopuses) - gastropoda (snails, slugs, nudibranchs) - polyplacophora (chitons) body with three major parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle
56
foot (mollusks)
large muscle at base of individual, usually used for movement a type of muscular hydrostat snails-waves of muscle contraction along foot allows individuals to "crawl" bihalves- digging appendage cephalopods - forms tentacles for crawling and grasping
57
visceral mass
region containing most of the internal organs as well as external gill separates internal organs from the foot (hydrostatic muscle) contains the radula -specialized feeding structure with sharp plates that rasp/file food
58
mantle
outgrowth that covers the visceral mass secretes a hard protective calcium carbonate shell in many species may have evolved in response to selection pressures imposed by predation during Cambrian shells are heavy - trade-off between protection and mobility - thick shells usually in marine species (water supports weight)
59
muscular hydrostat
type of hydrostatic skeleton giving support to the body e.g. the foot of mollusks
60
radula
specialized feeding structure with sharp plates that rasp/file food part of the visceral mass lost in bivalves
61
Ecdysozoa
includes nematoda and arthropoda
62
Nematoda (nematodes)
round, unsegmented worms (roundworms) molt during growth widespread and can be abundant -90,000 in single apple, ~1 billion per acre of rich farm soil free-living and parasitic species
63
main athropoda lineages
pancrustacea (crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, insects) myriapods (millipedes, centipedes) chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, arachnids)
64
arthropoda characteristics
grow by molting an outer exoskeleton - made primarily of the polysaccharide chitin - provides protection - structure for muscle attachment movement possible due to jointed appendages body is segmented into discrete regions (tagmata) modular body plan -gene expression patterns create a wide diversity of functions for different body parts
65
jointed appendages
makes movement possible for arthropoda
66
tagmata
the discrete regions that the body of arthropoda are segmented into
67
modular body plan
gene expression patterns create a wide diversity of functions for different body parts
68
Insecta metamorphosis
hemimetabolous metamorphosis -juvenile nymphs are small, but are often adults in body plan and niche holometabolous metamorphosis - distinct large larval stage - after growth, larva secretes pupa (protective case) - body plan is completely remodeled - emerges as adult
69
hemimetabolous metamorphosis
juvenile nymphs are small, but are often adults in body plan and niche
70
holometabolous metamorphosis
distinct large larval stage after growth, larva secretes pupa (protective case) body plan is completely remodeled emerges as adult homometaolous species are a monophyletic clade
71
hemimetabolous and holometabolous species
homometaolous species are a monophyletic clade hemimetabolous- 130,000 holometabolous-850,000 hypotheses? - reduced competition between stages - increased specialization between stages
72
Deuterostomes
includes echinodermata and chordata
73
echinodermata characteristics
sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers "spink-skins" larvae have bilateral symmetry adults have pentaradial symmetry -5 sided radial symmetry loss of cephalization -can interact with environment using all five sides at once endoskeleton: internal skeleton for protection and support made of calcium carbonate water vascular system
74
endoskeleton
internal skeleton for protection and support made of calcium carbonate
75
water vascular system
water moves via beating cilia tube feet appendages -used for capturing prey suspension feeding, deposit feeding in echinoderms
76
main chordata lineages
chephalochodata (lancelets) urochordata (tunicates) vertebrata (jawless fish, shark/rays, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals)
77
chordata characteristics
pharyngeal gill slits - used for filter feeding in aquatic chordates - only present in embryonic stages of tetrapods hollow nerve chord is dorsal -lost in adult urochordates notochord post-anal tail
78
vertebrata
includes jawless fish, sharks/rays, bony fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals
79
notochord
in chordata origin yet flexible becomes intervertebrate discs in vertebrates
80
pharyngeal gill slits
- used for filter feeding in aquatic chordates | - only present in embryonic stages of tetrapods
81
Extracellular matrix
includes proteins specialized for cell-cell adhesion and communication
82
benthic
live at the bottom of aquatic environments
83
colonies
groups of individuals attached to each other
84
coelomates
bilaterians whose coelom is completely lined with mesoderm
85
acoelomates
bilaterians that have no coelom e.g. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
86
pseudocoelomates
bilaterians whose coelom is only partially lined with mesoderm e.g. Nematoda (roundworms)
87
cephalothorax
"head-chest"
88
simple eyes
few to many clustered on the sides of the head
89
a compound eye
contains many lenses, each associated with a light-sensing, columnar structure
90
siphons
tubes formed by muscle that lines the mantle in bivalves and cephalopods

Eco and Evo (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions