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Bikonta Flashcards

1
Q

eukarya

A

different cell morphology than bacteria and archaea

  • larger
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • more extensive cytoskeleton

nuclear envelope

linear chromosomes

multiple independent lineages with multicellularity

different reproduction

  • asexually via mitosis and cell division
  • sexual reproduction via meiosis
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2
Q

nuclear envelope

A

hypothesized to have arisen by infoldings of the plasma membrane

occurs in some bacteria

also created the ER

modern Eukarya have continuous nuclear envelopes and ER

advantage: operates
transcription & translation

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3
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when a bacteria cell was taken in by another cell

most Eukaryote organisms have mitochondria

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4
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

created the endosymbiosis theory

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5
Q

endosymbiosis

A

association between two species with one living inside the cells of the other

hypothesis for the origin of membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

evidence that original mitochondria were 𝛼-proteobacterium

A
  • size
  • replicate by fission
  • double membranes
  • mitochondria genomes- gene sequences related to Bacteria rather than Eukarya nuclear genome
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7
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

photosynthetic protist engulfed by another protist

-results in a chloroplast organelle with 4 membranes

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8
Q

evidence that original chloroplasts were from a protist that engulfed a cyanobacterium

A

similarities between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria:

  • size
  • circular DNA genome with similar genes
  • some protists have chloroplasts with peptidoglycan outer layer
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9
Q

multicellularity

A

one of the most significant changes to life on Earth

arose independently multiple times

hypothesized to have started with cells sticking together after cell division

“colonies” of cells could have higher fitness due to specialization
-different cells express different genes

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10
Q

protist

A

term used for Eukarya that are not land plants, fungi or animals

another bad term because it does not reflect evolutionary history

not a monophyletic group
-multiple, independent origins

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11
Q

Bikonta

A

“two poles,” cells with two flagella (if present)

some protists and plants

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12
Q

Unikonta

A

“one pole,” cells with one flagellum (if present)

some protists, fungi, & animals

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13
Q

Bikonta ecological importance

A

abundant (like bacteria and archaea)

key role in aquatic food webs
-plankton

potential role for buffering climate change

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14
Q

Plankton

A

general term for organisms that drift in open oceans

many species of plankton are phototsythetic protists (e.g. primary producers)

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15
Q

potential role of bikonta for buffering climate change

A

Bikonta store carbon

increased abundance of protist phytoplankton could take CO2 out of atmosphere

Carbon trapped in marine food webs, dead organisms sink to bottom of ocean

Carbon sink: long term reservoir of carbon

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16
Q

Excavata

A

unicellular

most have flagellum

many found only in the digestive tract of animals, including species that aid digestion of cellulose in insects

bodies typically supported by internal rod consisting of microtubules or strips of proteins under plasma membrane

excavated feeding groove

many lack recognizable mitochondria

  • but nuclear DNA contains genes typical in mitochondria
  • cells contain vestigial mitochondria organelles
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17
Q

Rhizaria

A

single-celled

lack cell walls

vary widely in form but most are amoeba-like

move by amoeboid motion with long slender pseudopodia

includes foraminiferans

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18
Q

Foraminiferans

A

best studied Rhizaria

foramin = “hole”

produce calcium carbonate shells with holes through which the pseudopodia

abundant marine plankton, found at deep benthic zones

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19
Q

Alveolata

A

type of Rhizaria

unicellular

includes ciliates and dinoflagellates

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20
Q

alveoli

A

flattened, membrane-bound vesicles packed into continuous layer supporting the cell plasma membrane
-provides support for the cell

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21
Q

Ciliates

A

type of Alveolata

unicellular

covered in cilia
-used to swim

2 district nuclei
-micronucleus and macronucleus

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22
Q

SAR group

A

stramenopila

alveolata

rhizaria

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23
Q

dinoflagellates

A

type of Alveolata

unicellular

more species marine than freshwater

some species capable of bioluminescence

  • indirect inducible defense
  • draw attention to the predator in hopes that another predator eat their predator and they are saved

a few species are responsible for harmful agal blooms
-the red bloom pictured in slides

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24
Q

stramenopila

A

at some point in life cycle, all have flagella that are covered with distinctive hollow “hair”

unicellular and multicellular forms

includes diatoms, water molds, and brown algae

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25
diatoms
major component of plankton -free-floating microorganism of marine and freshwater environments most important primary producers in freshwater and marine ecosystems - are extremely abundant - 20-25% of carbon fixation - major source of oxygen and food fide variety of shapes with glassy cell walls
26
water molds
important decomposers in freshwater ecosystems, but some are terrestrial -saprophytic: feed on dead and decaying matter
27
brown algae
multicellular includes many seaweeds and kelp
28
red algae
mostly multicellular primary marine lack flagellum some species contribute to reef building most have chloroplasts that contain pigment phycoerythrin absorbs blue and green wavelengths; reflects red wavelengths able to thrive in deep water because blue/green light penetrates water better than other wavelengths
29
green algae
important producers in freshwater and nearshore ocean cell walls contain cellulose chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a + b -different varieties of light-capturing pigments includes lichens
30
shared traits between green algae and land plants
cell walls contain cellulose chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a + b -different varieties of light-capturing pigments
31
lichens
are stable associations between fungi and either green algae (most) or cyanobacteria
32
ecosystem service
benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions
33
plant ecosystem services
oxygen production -photosynthesis primary productivity -key to carbon cycle; base of food webs erosion control -root systems of plants hold soil in place flood control -plants retain water, provide buffer climate control -shade reduces temperature, raised humidity (wind protection) fuel -wood burning, fossil fuels, ethanol, biodiesel fibers -cloth, rope, lumber, paper, etc medicines -over 100 active ingredients in medicines are derived from plants
34
land plants
angiosperms (flowering plants) byrophyta (mosses) gymnosperms pteridophyta anthocerophyta (hornworts) equisetophyta (horsetails)
35
plants transition to land
more resources for photosynthesis: light and carbon dioxide challenge: water loss - cuticle and stomata challenge: UV light accumulation of flavonoids challenge: gravity - transport of water and upright growth in less dense air
36
cuticle
watertight sealant that prevents water loss
37
stoma (plural stomata)
press that can open and close and control gas exchange controlled by guard cells
38
flavonoids
UV absorbing compounds that prevent DNA damage
39
vascular tissue
elongated cells organized into water conducting tissue elaboration of vascular tissue with two types of cells: tracheids and vessel elements
40
tracheids
long, thin, tapering cells increased structural support and ability for water to move through easily secondary cell walls supported by complex polymer lignin primary cell wall is made of cellulose found in all vascular plants
41
lignin
complex polymer built from six-carbon rings gives complexity (pteridophyta, gymnosperms, angiosperms)
42
vessel elements
wider, with gaps for more efficient water movement (angiosperms) found in gnetophytes and angiosperms
43
Bryophyta
most common in moist forests gametophyte-dominated alternation of generation -typical fossils of early land plants homospory water needed to move gametes
44
sporophytes
multicellular and diploid produce spores by meiosis
45
gametophytes
multicellular and haploid produce gametes by mitosis
46
Pteridophyta (ferns)
- sporophyte - homospory - water needed to move gametes most common with epiphytic habit large leaves (fronds) are coiled when young (fiddleheads) sporophyte-dominated alteration of generations homospory- one type of spores spores produced in sori
47
epiphytic habit
in trees on branches and such
48
fronds
large leafs of ferns
49
fiddleheads
coiled fronds when the fern is young
50
sori
clusters on undersides of leaves that produce spores ferns
51
gymnosperms
- sporophyte - heterospory - water is NOT needed to move gametes; mainly wind "naked seed" -ovules not enclosed includes coffers, Ginkgo, and Cycads two types of spores (heterospory) -pollen and ovules fertilization produces seed dominant plants 300 - 145 mya
52
seed
embryo that is surrounded by a supply of nutrients
53
angiosperms
- sporophytes - heterospory - water is NOT needed to move gametes; mainly pollinators high diversity = 350,000 extant species dominant plants for pat 145 million years angiosperm = encased seed flower reproductive organ some species produce nutritious and brightly colored fruit that is derived from ovary
54
flowers
reproductive organ stamen: male carpel: female anther: produce pollen directed pollination hypothesis- flowers are adaptations that attract specific pollinators - increasing likelihood of pollination - decreasing likelihood of cross-pollination scents, shapes, colors, and nectar coevolution between plants and pollinations higher diversification rates
55
fruit
derived from the ovary, tissue surrounding seeds tissue often nutritious and brightly colored aids seed dispersal -animals are attracted to fruit eats it and moves in to another area
56
fruit-animals study
study tested hypothesis fruit colors have evolved to increase detection by seed-dispersing animals it analyzed fruit colors against background at two sites: - uganda: seed dispersers are diurnal, color vision primates - more bright and eye-popping - madagascar: seed dispersers are nocturnal,, color blind lemurs - more conspicuous
57
malaria
caused by protists one of the world's most infectious diseases
58
paraphyletic group
represent some, but not all of the descendants of a single common ancestor
59
detritus
dead organic matter
60
bioluminescence
emit light via an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
61
sporangia
spore-producing structures
62
gametangia
specialized reproductive organs for gametes
63
antheridium
sperm-producing gametangia
64
archegonium
egg-producing gametangia
65
alternation of generations
individuals either exist in a multicellular haploid phase or a multicellular diploid phase
66
embryophyta
retention of the embryo in some land plants analogous to pregnancy in mammals
67
microsporangia
spore-producing structures that produce microspores
68
microspores
develop into male gametophytes, which produce the small gametes called sperm by mitosis
69
megasporangia
spore-producing structures that produce megaspores
70
megaspores
develop into female gametophytes, which produce the large gametes called eggs
71
pollen grain
when in heterosporous seed plants, the microspore germinates to form a tiny male gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat or sporopollenin
72
nectar
sugar-rich fluid that is food for pollinators
73
monocots
one of the two major groups of angiosperms i.e. grasses (corn, wheat), orchids, palms, lilies..
74
dicots
one of the two major groups of angiosperms i.e. beans, roses, buttercups, daisies, oaks, and maples
75
cotyledon
"seed-leaf" stores nutrients and supplies them to the developing embryonic plant
76
eudicots
"true dicots" a monophyletic line that includes most of the plants once considered dicots
77
stamen
male
78
carpel
female
79
anther
produce pollen

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