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Eco and Evo > Bikonta > Flashcards

Bikonta Flashcards

1
Q

eukarya

A

different cell morphology than bacteria and archaea

  • larger
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • more extensive cytoskeleton

nuclear envelope

linear chromosomes

multiple independent lineages with multicellularity

different reproduction

  • asexually via mitosis and cell division
  • sexual reproduction via meiosis
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2
Q

nuclear envelope

A

hypothesized to have arisen by infoldings of the plasma membrane

occurs in some bacteria

also created the ER

modern Eukarya have continuous nuclear envelopes and ER

advantage: operates
transcription & translation

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3
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when a bacteria cell was taken in by another cell

most Eukaryote organisms have mitochondria

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4
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

created the endosymbiosis theory

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5
Q

endosymbiosis

A

association between two species with one living inside the cells of the other

hypothesis for the origin of membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

evidence that original mitochondria were 𝛼-proteobacterium

A
  • size
  • replicate by fission
  • double membranes
  • mitochondria genomes- gene sequences related to Bacteria rather than Eukarya nuclear genome
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7
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

photosynthetic protist engulfed by another protist

-results in a chloroplast organelle with 4 membranes

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8
Q

evidence that original chloroplasts were from a protist that engulfed a cyanobacterium

A

similarities between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria:

  • size
  • circular DNA genome with similar genes
  • some protists have chloroplasts with peptidoglycan outer layer
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9
Q

multicellularity

A

one of the most significant changes to life on Earth

arose independently multiple times

hypothesized to have started with cells sticking together after cell division

“colonies” of cells could have higher fitness due to specialization
-different cells express different genes

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10
Q

protist

A

term used for Eukarya that are not land plants, fungi or animals

another bad term because it does not reflect evolutionary history

not a monophyletic group
-multiple, independent origins

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11
Q

Bikonta

A

“two poles,” cells with two flagella (if present)

some protists and plants

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12
Q

Unikonta

A

“one pole,” cells with one flagellum (if present)

some protists, fungi, & animals

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13
Q

Bikonta ecological importance

A

abundant (like bacteria and archaea)

key role in aquatic food webs
-plankton

potential role for buffering climate change

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14
Q

Plankton

A

general term for organisms that drift in open oceans

many species of plankton are phototsythetic protists (e.g. primary producers)

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15
Q

potential role of bikonta for buffering climate change

A

Bikonta store carbon

increased abundance of protist phytoplankton could take CO2 out of atmosphere

Carbon trapped in marine food webs, dead organisms sink to bottom of ocean

Carbon sink: long term reservoir of carbon

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16
Q

Excavata

A

unicellular

most have flagellum

many found only in the digestive tract of animals, including species that aid digestion of cellulose in insects

bodies typically supported by internal rod consisting of microtubules or strips of proteins under plasma membrane

excavated feeding groove

many lack recognizable mitochondria

  • but nuclear DNA contains genes typical in mitochondria
  • cells contain vestigial mitochondria organelles
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17
Q

Rhizaria

A

single-celled

lack cell walls

vary widely in form but most are amoeba-like

move by amoeboid motion with long slender pseudopodia

includes foraminiferans

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18
Q

Foraminiferans

A

best studied Rhizaria

foramin = “hole”

produce calcium carbonate shells with holes through which the pseudopodia

abundant marine plankton, found at deep benthic zones

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19
Q

Alveolata

A

type of Rhizaria

unicellular

includes ciliates and dinoflagellates

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20
Q

alveoli

A

flattened, membrane-bound vesicles packed into continuous layer supporting the cell plasma membrane
-provides support for the cell

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21
Q

Ciliates

A

type of Alveolata

unicellular

covered in cilia
-used to swim

2 district nuclei
-micronucleus and macronucleus

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22
Q

SAR group

A

stramenopila

alveolata

rhizaria

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23
Q

dinoflagellates

A

type of Alveolata

unicellular

more species marine than freshwater

some species capable of bioluminescence

  • indirect inducible defense
  • draw attention to the predator in hopes that another predator eat their predator and they are saved

a few species are responsible for harmful agal blooms
-the red bloom pictured in slides

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24
Q

stramenopila

A

at some point in life cycle, all have flagella that are covered with distinctive hollow “hair”

unicellular and multicellular forms

includes diatoms, water molds, and brown algae

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25
Q

diatoms

A

major component of plankton
-free-floating microorganism of marine and freshwater environments

most important primary producers in freshwater and marine ecosystems

  • are extremely abundant
  • 20-25% of carbon fixation
  • major source of oxygen and food

fide variety of shapes with glassy cell walls

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26
Q

water molds

A

important decomposers in freshwater ecosystems, but some are terrestrial
-saprophytic: feed on dead and decaying matter

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27
Q

brown algae

A

multicellular

includes many seaweeds and kelp

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28
Q

red algae

A

mostly multicellular

primary marine

lack flagellum

some species contribute to reef building

most have chloroplasts that contain pigment phycoerythrin

absorbs blue and green wavelengths; reflects red wavelengths

able to thrive in deep water because blue/green light penetrates water better than other wavelengths

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29
Q

green algae

A

important producers in freshwater and nearshore ocean

cell walls contain cellulose

chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a + b
-different varieties of light-capturing pigments

includes lichens

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30
Q

shared traits between green algae and land plants

A

cell walls contain cellulose

chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a + b
-different varieties of light-capturing pigments

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31
Q

lichens

A

are stable associations between fungi and either green algae (most) or cyanobacteria

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32
Q

ecosystem service

A

benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions

33
Q

plant ecosystem services

A

oxygen production
-photosynthesis

primary productivity
-key to carbon cycle; base of food webs

erosion control
-root systems of plants hold soil in place

flood control
-plants retain water, provide buffer

climate control
-shade reduces temperature, raised humidity (wind protection)

fuel
-wood burning, fossil fuels, ethanol, biodiesel

fibers
-cloth, rope, lumber, paper, etc

medicines
-over 100 active ingredients in medicines are derived from plants

34
Q

land plants

A

angiosperms (flowering plants)

byrophyta (mosses)

gymnosperms

pteridophyta

anthocerophyta (hornworts)

equisetophyta (horsetails)

35
Q

plants transition to land

A

more resources for photosynthesis: light and carbon dioxide

challenge: water loss
- cuticle and stomata

challenge: UV light
accumulation of flavonoids

challenge: gravity
- transport of water and upright growth in less dense air

36
Q

cuticle

A

watertight sealant that prevents water loss

37
Q

stoma (plural stomata)

A

press that can open and close and control gas exchange

controlled by guard cells

38
Q

flavonoids

A

UV absorbing compounds that prevent DNA damage

39
Q

vascular tissue

A

elongated cells organized into water conducting tissue

elaboration of vascular tissue with two types of cells: tracheids and vessel elements

40
Q

tracheids

A

long, thin, tapering cells

increased structural support and ability for water to move through easily

secondary cell walls supported by complex polymer lignin

primary cell wall is made of cellulose

found in all vascular plants

41
Q

lignin

A

complex polymer built from six-carbon rings

gives complexity (pteridophyta, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

42
Q

vessel elements

A

wider, with gaps for more efficient water movement (angiosperms)

found in gnetophytes and angiosperms

43
Q

Bryophyta

A

most common in moist forests

gametophyte-dominated alternation of generation
-typical fossils of early land plants

homospory

water needed to move gametes

44
Q

sporophytes

A

multicellular and diploid

produce spores by meiosis

45
Q

gametophytes

A

multicellular and haploid

produce gametes by mitosis

46
Q

Pteridophyta (ferns)

A
  • sporophyte
  • homospory
  • water needed to move gametes

most common with epiphytic habit

large leaves (fronds) are coiled when young (fiddleheads)

sporophyte-dominated alteration of generations

homospory- one type of spores

spores produced in sori

47
Q

epiphytic habit

A

in trees on branches and such

48
Q

fronds

A

large leafs of ferns

49
Q

fiddleheads

A

coiled fronds when the fern is young

50
Q

sori

A

clusters on undersides of leaves that produce spores

ferns

51
Q

gymnosperms

A
  • sporophyte
  • heterospory
  • water is NOT needed to move gametes; mainly wind

“naked seed”
-ovules not enclosed

includes coffers, Ginkgo, and Cycads

two types of spores (heterospory)
-pollen and ovules

fertilization produces seed

dominant plants 300 - 145 mya

52
Q

seed

A

embryo that is surrounded by a supply of nutrients

53
Q

angiosperms

A
  • sporophytes
  • heterospory
  • water is NOT needed to move gametes; mainly pollinators

high diversity = 350,000 extant species

dominant plants for pat 145 million years

angiosperm = encased seed

flower reproductive organ

some species produce nutritious and brightly colored fruit that is derived from ovary

54
Q

flowers

A

reproductive organ

stamen: male
carpel: female
anther: produce pollen

directed pollination hypothesis- flowers are adaptations that attract specific pollinators

  • increasing likelihood of pollination
  • decreasing likelihood of cross-pollination

scents, shapes, colors, and nectar

coevolution between plants and pollinations

higher diversification rates

55
Q

fruit

A

derived from the ovary, tissue surrounding seeds

tissue often nutritious and brightly colored

aids seed dispersal
-animals are attracted to fruit eats it and moves in to another area

56
Q

fruit-animals study

A

study tested hypothesis fruit colors have evolved to increase detection by seed-dispersing animals

it analyzed fruit colors against background at two sites:

  • uganda: seed dispersers are diurnal, color vision primates
  • more bright and eye-popping
  • madagascar: seed dispersers are nocturnal,, color blind lemurs
  • more conspicuous
57
Q

malaria

A

caused by protists

one of the world’s most infectious diseases

58
Q

paraphyletic group

A

represent some, but not all of the descendants of a single common ancestor

59
Q

detritus

A

dead organic matter

60
Q

bioluminescence

A

emit light via an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

61
Q

sporangia

A

spore-producing structures

62
Q

gametangia

A

specialized reproductive organs for gametes

63
Q

antheridium

A

sperm-producing gametangia

64
Q

archegonium

A

egg-producing gametangia

65
Q

alternation of generations

A

individuals either exist in a multicellular haploid phase or a multicellular diploid phase

66
Q

embryophyta

A

retention of the embryo in some land plants

analogous to pregnancy in mammals

67
Q

microsporangia

A

spore-producing structures that produce microspores

68
Q

microspores

A

develop into male gametophytes, which produce the small gametes called sperm by mitosis

69
Q

megasporangia

A

spore-producing structures that produce megaspores

70
Q

megaspores

A

develop into female gametophytes, which produce the large gametes called eggs

71
Q

pollen grain

A

when in heterosporous seed plants, the microspore germinates to form a tiny male gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat or sporopollenin

72
Q

nectar

A

sugar-rich fluid that is food for pollinators

73
Q

monocots

A

one of the two major groups of angiosperms

i.e. grasses (corn, wheat), orchids, palms, lilies..

74
Q

dicots

A

one of the two major groups of angiosperms

i.e. beans, roses, buttercups, daisies, oaks, and maples

75
Q

cotyledon

A

“seed-leaf”

stores nutrients and supplies them to the developing embryonic plant

76
Q

eudicots

A

“true dicots”

a monophyletic line that includes most of the plants once considered dicots

77
Q

stamen

A

male

78
Q

carpel

A

female

79
Q

anther

A

produce pollen

Eco and Evo (15 decks)

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