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Eco and Evo > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Most populous countries

A

China, India, US

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2
Q

Human Population Growth

A

growing rapidly

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3
Q

Human Population Projected Growth

A

low, medium, and high refers to different projections of fertility rates

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4
Q

Age structure/pyramid

A

-relative number of individuals of each age in a population

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5
Q

Community

A
  • all of the species that interact with each other in a certain area
  • direct or indirect
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6
Q

Direct interactions

A
  • competition
  • predation
  • mutualism
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7
Q

Indirect interactions

A

-species interact through one or more intermediary species

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8
Q

Types of interactions

A

-categorized by effects of fitness

negative (-)
positive (+)
neutral (0)

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9
Q

Amensalism

A

neutral - negative

e. g. termites being stepped on by elephant
- negative on termite
- neutral on elephants

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10
Q

Commensalism

A

positive - neutral

e. g. barnacles on the whale fin
- neutral for whale
- positive for barnacle
- direct

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11
Q

Competition

A
  • typically negative - negative
  • intraspecific or interspecific
  • general positive correlation between overlap and competition intensity
  • between species with overlapping niches
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12
Q

Intraspecific

A
  • same species
  • population ecology
  • often density dependent (logistic growth)
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13
Q

Interspecific

A
  • different species

- community ecology

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14
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A
  • one species outcompetes others (asymmetric competition)

- leading to the local extinction of weaker competition

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15
Q

Niche

A

range of resources used and conditions tolerated

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16
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

theoretical range of conditions that a species can tolerate

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17
Q

Realized Niche

A
  • portion of the fundamental niche that is actually occupied (given limiting factors)
  • what is actually in the real world
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18
Q

Reasons why the realized niche is not the full fundamental niche

A
  • they just haven’t gotten there yet (e.g. a barrier)

- other species preventing them to

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19
Q

Niche Differentiation or Resource Partitioning

A
  • change in resource use caused by competition over generations
  • one or both species change their niche space to avoid competition
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20
Q

Character Displacement

A
  • changes in traits that makes niche differentiation possible
  • e.g. finches: g. fortis gets a deeper beak due to competition with g. fuliginosa
  • sympatric or allopatric
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21
Q

Sympatric

A

occurring in the same geographical place

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22
Q

Allopatric

A

occurring in separate areas/different geographical places

23
Q

Consumption

A

positive - negative

includes:

  • herbivory
  • predation
  • parasitism
24
Q

Constitutive Defenses

A

-defensive traits by plants or prey that are expressed even when there are no herbivores or predators

Includes (slides):

  • cryptic coloration
  • escape behavior
  • toxins
  • schooling or flocking
  • armor or weapons
25
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A
  • distinct colors that contrast with the natural background
  • makes it more conspicuous
  • increases fitness
  • helps these populations have a defense from the predators because they remember what tastes badly along with their bright colors
26
Q

Predator Adaptations

A
  • strength
  • speed
  • heightened senses
  • chemicals
  • stalking
  • surprise
  • cooperation
27
Q

Coevolution

A

when two interacting species reciprocally influence each other’s adaptations over time

28
Q

Co-evolutionary arms races

A
  • with predator-prey or host-parasite

e. g. as snakes develop more tolerates of the newts toxins, the newts become more toxic

29
Q

Why aren’t all nets highly toxic and all snakes highly resistant?

A

many traits have trade-offs on performance and may only increase fitness when the selection pressure is sufficiently high

30
Q

Mimicry

A
  • when one species resembles another

- 3 main types: Batesian, Müllerian, and Aggressive

31
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A
  • when a harmless/palatable species mimics a dangerous/unpalatable species
  • named after Henry Walter Bates (Wallace’s Companion in Brazil)
    e. g. Coral snake (toxic) and Kind (nontoxic)
32
Q

Müllerian Mimicry

A
  • two or more harmful species mimic each other

- named after Fritz Müller

33
Q

Aggresive Mimicry

A
  • when a predator mimics a harmless or desirable species

e. g. venus fly trap

34
Q

Inducible Defense

A
  • physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are expressed only in the response to a predator
  • phenotypic plasticity
  • economical
  • trade-off
35
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A
  • the ability of one individual (genotype) to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment
  • an example is inducible defenses
36
Q

Inducible Defenses in Plants

A

-when exposed to herbivores, many plants produce proteins that inhibit herbivore damage

  • e.g. radish produce glucosinalotes in increased densities when exposed to herbivores
  • hair
  • results in increased fitness

-indirect inducible defense are most common in plants

37
Q

Indirect Inducible Defences

A
  • Inducible defense that attracts predators to attack herbivores
  • most common in plants
38
Q

Parasitism

A

Host (-) and Parasite (+)

-a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

  • parasites can control host behavior
  • e.g. nematode parasite of ant causes ant’s color and behavior to change and increases the likelihood of predation by birds; needed for nematode to complete life cycle
39
Q

Cordyceps Fungi

A
  • genus of endoparasitic fungi
  • invades host tissue and often affects behavior
  • zombie ants
40
Q

Obligate brood parasites

A
  • reproduce only by laying eggs in the nests of other species
  • no nest building, incubation, or parental care behavior
  • about 1% of bird species (evolved independently 7 times)
  • often leads to co-evolutionary arms races between hosts and parasites
  • e.g. Eurasian Reed Warbler (Host) and Common Cuckoo (Parasite)
41
Q

Obligate Brood Parasites Adaptations

A
  • fast egg laying
  • egg mimicry
  • begging calls
  • faster development
  • chick aggression
  • chick mimicry
42
Q

Adaptations of the Hosts of the Obligate Brood Parasites

A
  • nest defense
  • nest desertion
  • egg rejection
  • chick rejection
43
Q

Mutualisms

A

positive - positive

  • resource-resource
    e. g. fungi gettin carbs from plants and plants getting nitrogen
  • resource-service
    e. g. flowers get pollinated (movement of gametes) and bees get food (nectar)
  • service-service
    e. g. clownfish has a safe area and it protects the sea anemone from predators
44
Q

Judith Bronstein

A

Said that “mutualism are best viewed as reciprocally exploitative interactions that provide net benefits”

45
Q

Cheaters and Mutualisms

A
  • some flowers do not produce nectar, but still attract pollinators
  • nectar robbing: feeding on nectar without pollination
  • cleaner mutualists may also feed on host tissue
  • resource sharing between plants and fungi can be asymmetrical
46
Q

Nectar Robbing

A

feeding on nectar without pollination

can be mutualist or a different species

47
Q

Symmetric competition

A

said to occur and both species may persist in the area of overlap, even if in reduced numbers

48
Q

Fitness trade-offs

A

inevitable compromises in adaptation

49
Q

Endoparasites

A
  • live inside their hosts and typically have adaptations for harvesting fluids from their hosts
  • e.g. tapeworms
50
Q

Ectoparasites

A

-e.g. ticks, aphids, and mistletoe live on the outside of their hosts and typically have adaptations for harvesting fluids from their hosts

51
Q

Parasitoid

A
  • free living as an adult but endoparasitic as larva

- usually fatal to the host

52
Q

Integrated Pest Management

A
  • strategies to maximize crop and forest productivity while using a minimum of insecticides or other types of potentially harmful compounds
  • uses predators, herbivores, and parasites as biocontrol agents
53
Q

Asymmetric Competition

A

-one species outcompetes another

Eco and Evo (15 decks)

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