Uni 1.3 - Membrane Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of molecules can pass directly through the membrane?

A

Non-polar molecules

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2
Q

What are the two types of channels?

A

Gated and Ungated

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3
Q

Give an example of an ungated channel

A

Aquaporin

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4
Q

Describe Aquaporin and it’s function

A

Ungated channel that allows water to pass through the membrane

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5
Q

What are the two types of gated channels?

A

Ligand and Voltage Gated

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6
Q

What is required for a ligand gated channel?

A

Binding of a ligand

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7
Q

Give an example of a ligand gated channel

A

A channel in the synpase, where a neurotransmitter binds to allow Na+ ions through

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8
Q

What do voltage gated channels rely on to open?

A

A large enough change in the ion concentration across the membrane

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9
Q

Describe how transporter proteins work

A

Change conformation to transport molecules across the membrane

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10
Q

What are the two mechanisms that transporter proteins work with?

A

Facilitated

Active

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11
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Passive process that does not require energy (but does require a conformational change if by a transporter)

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12
Q

Give an example of a facilitated transporter protein and what it is used for

A

GLUT4 transporter in fat and muscle cells

Provides the route for facilitated diffusion of glucose across the cells

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13
Q

What is coupled transport? Give an example

A

Coupled transport is where two substances are moved together

Glucose Symport

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14
Q

What is the difference between a symport and an antiport?

A

Symport - both molecules move in the same direction

Antiport- both molecules move in opposite directions

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15
Q

What does the glucose symport move?

A

Glucose and Na+

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16
Q

Where can the glucose symport be found?

A

Cells lining the small intestine

17
Q

What is Signal Transduction?

A

A process triggered by the binding of a chemical signal to a receptor leading to a cellular response

18
Q

Where do hydrophobic signal bind?

A

Receptor proteins inside the cell

19
Q

What does the binding of a hydrophobic signal cause?

A

Activates/Inhibits the transcription of certain genes

20
Q

Give examples of responses that signal transduction can trigger

A

Changing the cell metabolism
Altering the uptake/secretion of molecules
Rearranging the cytoskeleton
Altering gene expression

21
Q

How are G proteins involved in signal transduction?

A

Involved in transmitting signals from outside the cell

Invovled in cascades, activated by binding GTP

22
Q

How many sodium ions are moved by the sodium potassium pump?

A

3 Na+ ions

23
Q

In what direction does the pump move sodium ions?

A

Out of the cell

24
Q

How many potassium ions are moved by the Na/K ATPase?

A

2 K+ ions

25
Q

In what direction does the pump move potassium ions?

A

Into the cell

26
Q

Describe the first conformation of the Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Binding sites exposed to the cytoplasm
High affinity for sodium ions
No ATP binded

27
Q

Describe the steps in the sodium potassium pump

A

Stage 1:
Ion binding sites exposed to cytoplasm
Protein has high affinity for sodium ions
3 Na+ ions bind
Stage 2:
ATP is hydrolysed by the protein forming ADP and Pi.
Pi binds to the protein, causing a confirmational change
Stage 3: In second confirmation, pump no longer has affinity for sodium so releases them. High affinity for potassium ions. 2 potassium ions bind
Stage 4: Dephosphorylation occurs and the pump loses the Pi
This causes another confirmational change, binding sites facing cytoplasm
Loses the K+ ions
Back to original confirmation

28
Q

Give three reasons why the movement of sodium and potassium ions is so important

A

Maintains an osmotic balance in animal cells
Generation of sodium ion gradient for glucose symport
Generation of sodium ion gradient in kidney tubules
Generation and Maintenance of ion gradients for resting potential in neurons

29
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump help maintain an osmotic balance in animal cells?

A

Moves three Na ions out and 2 K ions into the cell, lowers the overall ion concentration
increases the new water concentration

30
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump help the glucose symport?

A

Creates a sodium ion gradient from intenstine to lining cell

Enables the action of glucose symport to absorb sodium ions and glucose from the intestine

31
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

Imbalance in the electrical charge across a neuron membrane

32
Q

Where does the neurotransmitter bind?

A

Ligand gated Sodium Channel

33
Q

How is a nerve impulse generated?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor protein on a ligand gated sodium channel
Binding allows Na ions to diffuse into cell
If sufficent ion movement, voltage changes across the membrane
Causes neighbouring voltage gated Na+ channels to open
Triggers the next voltage gated channel and a wave of depolarization

34
Q

How is the resting potential restored?

A

When voltage reaches a critically high level, voltage gated Na+ channels close
Voltage K+ Channells open, so K+ ions diffuse out of neuron
Restoring the resting potential
K+ channels close when the resting potential is reached