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Midterms Preparation > Understanding Self Midterms Examination > Flashcards

Understanding Self Midterms Examination Flashcards

1
Q

conducted scientific investigations in the effort to
understand the self and have developed theories and
concepts to account for the similarities and differences
among them.

A

Western Thoughts

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2
Q

the emphasis is individualistic

rather than relational.

A

Western Thoughts

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3
Q

Many movements of ______________ raise questions about the
ultimate meaning of human life and have developed theories of self
insofar as they have investigated what it means to be a human being.

A

Eastern Thoughts

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4
Q

the emphasis is relational rather than
individual. The self is considered not in isolation but in relation to others,
society, and the universe.

A

Eastern Thoughts

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5
Q

aim at transformations in consciousness, feelings,

emotions, and one’s relation to other people and the world.

A

Eastern Thoughts

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6
Q

The self is a distinct and autonomous entity; it is an independent part of the universe and the society.

A

Individualism

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7
Q

Independence and selfreliance are core values.

A

Individualism

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8
Q

The self is an integrated part of the universe and the society.

A

Collectivism

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9
Q

Interdependence and connectedness are core values.

A

Collectivism

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10
Q

known as Buddha is the founder of Buddhism.

A

Siddharta Gautama

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11
Q

The root word of Buddhism is _____meaning awake.

A

Budh

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12
Q

According to the teachings of Buddhism, every person has the ___________________, hence, potential to be a Buddha. But the seed should be nurtured.

A

seed of enlightenment

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13
Q

In Buddhist philosophy, man is just a title for the summation of the five parts

A

matter, sensation, perception, mental constructs, and consciousness

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14
Q

In Buddhism, _____________means that everything in life is always changing, that nothing lasts forever.

A

anicca (impermanence)

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15
Q

The ideal is to experience ______,a state of transcendence devoid of self-reference.

A

Nirvana

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16
Q

This state of transcendence can be achieved through ______.

A

meditation

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17
Q

“The goal of man is to have a knowledge of the true reality”

A

Brahman

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18
Q

It is the most important doctrine of Hinduism.

A

Law of karma

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19
Q

All actions are subject to ____.

A

Karma.

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20
Q

Hindus believe that ______ being an immortal soul continues to be reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it is freed from the cycle of rebirth and reach a state of nirvana or non-birth.

A

Atman

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21
Q

Karma does not end with a body’s death, so its influence may extend through incarnation of the ____.

A

Soul

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22
Q

The core of Confucian thought is _______________________________________.

A

the Golden Rule or the principle of reciprocity

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23
Q

Another important feature in Confucian thought is the individual’s greatest mission of attaining ______…

A

Self Realization

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24
Q

could be accomplished by knowing one’s role in the society and act accordingly.

A

Self Cultivation

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25
Q

is perfected through continuously taking every opportunity to improve oneself in thought and action.

A

Moral Character

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26
Q

To them, the self is an extension of the ______, not of social relationships.

A

Cosmos

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27
Q

The self is described as one of the _____________ of the Tao

A

limitless forms

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28
Q

The ______ is commonly regarded as Nature that is the foundation of all that exists.

A

Tao

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29
Q

There should be unity and harmony among opposing elements:

A

The Ying and Yang

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30
Q

Theological View of Western Thoughts

A

Monotheistic

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31
Q

Theological View of Eastern Thoughts

A

Polytheistic(Pluralistic)

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32
Q

View of Self on Western Thoughts

A

Ego Centric

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33
Q

View of Self on Eastern Thoughts

A

Socio Centric

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34
Q

The ideal of Western thoughts

A

Self-actualization through personal growth

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35
Q

The ideal of Eastern thoughts

A

To achieve a balanced life and find one’s role in society.

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36
Q

Source of Knowledge on Western thoughts

A

Has made use of reason rather than faith to pursue wisdom.

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37
Q

Source of Knowledge on Eastern thoughts

A

Has trusted intuition and is often associated with religious beliefs.

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38
Q

________ no matter how intimately bound it is with the bearer, however, is ot the person.

A

A name

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39
Q

means “love of wisdom”.

A

Philosophy

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40
Q

‘philo’ means

A

Love

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41
Q

‘sophia’ means

A

Wisdom

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42
Q

“an unexamined life is not worth living.”

A

Socrates

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43
Q

first philosopher to engage in a systematic questioning about the self and took it upon to himself to serve as a “gadfly” who disturbed Athenian men from their slumber and shook them off in order to reach the truth and wisdom.

A

Socrates

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44
Q

Through _____________, a person becomes virtuous or come to know his values.

A

Introspection

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45
Q

Socrates believes that an individual’s reality is divided by two parts:

A

The physical realm and the ideal realm.

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46
Q

Socrates was the first one to focus on the self, who we are, who we should be and who we will become in which he believes that every human has an _______________ aside from the physical body

A

immortal soul

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47
Q

consists of the world that we are living in. It is the world that changes and temporary.

A

The Physical Realm

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48
Q

contains concepts about the universe, truth, goodness and beauty. These are the things that does not undergo changes and are ever-lasting.

A

The Ideal Realm

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49
Q

For Socrates, every man is composed of ____ and ____.

A

body; soul

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50
Q

This means that every humans person is ________, that is, he is composed of two important aspects of his personhood.

A

dualistic

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51
Q

according to Plato was synonymous with the self.

A

Soul

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52
Q

The only difference was that the self is in the _________ and the soul is in the _________.

A

physical form; ideal form

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53
Q

Self is something temporary and the soul is eternal. True or False?

A

True

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54
Q

According to Plato, there are three components to the soul:

A

the rational soul, the spirited soul and the appetitive soul.

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55
Q

He emphasizes that justice in the human person can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are working. True or False?

A

False, the three parts of the soul should be working harmoniously with one another

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56
Q

is forged by reason and intellect.

A

The rational soul

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57
Q

is in charge of emotions.

A

The spirited soul

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58
Q

consists of our desire that we need enable to live.

A

The appetitive soul

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59
Q

only humans have this soul.

A

The rational soul

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60
Q

Animals and Humans have this soul

A

The spirited soul

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61
Q

believes that there is an aspect of man, which dwells in the worlds, that is imperfect and continuously years to be with the divine while the other is capable of reaching immortality.

A

St. Augustine

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62
Q

the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” He claims that there is so much that we should doubt.

A

Rene Descartes

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63
Q

The self is then for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct entities,

A

cogito and extenza

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64
Q

the thing that thinks

A

cogito

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65
Q

the extention of the mind (the body).

A

extenza

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66
Q

he said that the self doesn’t exist.

A

David Hume

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67
Q

The self is just a collection or combination of all the perceptions of a particular person.

A

David Hume

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68
Q

He finds that they can all be categorized into two:

A

Impressions and ideas

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69
Q

are the basic object of our experience or sensation.

A

Impressions

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70
Q

are copies of impressions.

A

Ideas

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71
Q

He thinks that there is an organizing principle that regulates the relationships of all the perceptions and sensation of impressions.

A

Immanuel Kant

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72
Q

organizes the impressions that men get from the external world.

A

Mind

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73
Q

we are the ones who create our reality in which we are familiar and comfortable. True or False?

A

True

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74
Q

consists of ideas that cannot be found in the world but is only built in our minds (e.g. time and space).

A

“Apparatus of the Mind”

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75
Q

is an actively engaged intelligence in man that synthesizes all knowledge and experience.

A

Self

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76
Q

For him, our behaviors or what we do in our day-to-day lives were the ones that makes us a person.

A

Gilbert Ryle

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77
Q

“I act, therefore I am”

A

Gilbert Ryle

78
Q

According to ______________, the mind and the body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another.

A

Merleau-Ponty

79
Q

is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a young age with little no experience of human care, behavior, or human language. They are typically portrayed at being raised by animals

A

Feral child or Wild child

80
Q

challenged the long standing notion of humans being special

A

Feral children

81
Q

A noted Feral Child who was sold to a goatherder to become a serf.
He later became the subject of the filmEntrelobosor Among Wolves movie.

A

Marcos Rodriguez Pantoja

82
Q

– it means that it is distinct from any other selves, the self is always unique and has its own identity.

A

Separate

83
Q

– allows it to be studied, described, and measured.

A

Consistency

84
Q

self-sorts out information, feelings, emotions, and thought processes within the self.

A

The self is private.

85
Q

The different qualities of the self

A

Separate, Consistency, and The self is private.

86
Q

Because of this, the clash of self and external reality is the reason for the self to have a clear understanding on what it might be, what it can be, what it will be.

A

Self is isolated from external world

87
Q

because it is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person. Basically the command center or an individual where all processes, emotions, and thoughts converge.

A

Self is unitary

88
Q

The self should not be seen as static. Rather, should be seen or something that is in unceasing flux, in constant struggle with external reality and is malleable in its dealings with society. True or False?

A

True

89
Q

a French sociologist, believes that the self has two faces; the personne and moi

A

Marcel Mauss

90
Q

is person’s sense of who he is, his body, basic identity, biological givenness.

A

Moi

91
Q

is a social concept of what it means to be who he is. What it means to live in a particular institution, family, religion, nationality, or how to behave in given expectations/influences

A

The Personne

92
Q

a philosopher, psychologist and sociologist, supports the view that a person develops a sense of self through social interaction

A

George Herbert Mead

93
Q

The or the social self, is what is learned in interaction with others and with the environment: other people’s attitudes, once internalized in the self, all form theMe.

A

“Me” self

94
Q

Is the response to the “me” and to the attitude of others. This means that the “I” is when the individual identity and one’s unique trait is stepping in on our personal responses to what society thinks

A

“I” self

95
Q

Also called as the imitation stage. In this stage, we see children mimic/imitate those around them and this is why parents of young children do not want you to use foul language around kids. They do not have any idea or understanding of what they are saying or doing

A

Preparatory Stage ( 0 - 3 Years old )

96
Q

At this stage, children become concerned about and take into account in their behavior the generalized others or how they are viewed.

A

Game Stage ( 6 - 9 Years old )

97
Q

Children are believed to learn self-development and interaction through pretend play in this stage. Children also start to play more formalized games because they begin to understand the perspective of others or the perspective of their significant others.

A

Play stage ( 3 - 6 Years old )

98
Q

a Russian psychologist, argues that social interaction comes before development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.

A

Lev Vygotsky

99
Q

this is where social learning takes place because in this stage, they interact, connect and reach out to other people

A

Social level l(Interpsychological)

100
Q

after acquiring social learnings, the functions will appear a second time and, this time, more developed and thus, leading to cognitive development(self-reflection).

A

Individual level(Intrapsychological),

101
Q

Vygotsky claimed that infants are born with the basic materials/abilities for intellectual development that are called the elementary mental functions.

A

Elementary mental functions

102
Q

Elementary mental functions

A

Sensation, Hunger, and Memory.

103
Q

hot, cold, sweet, or bitter are delivered automatically to the brain by the senses.

A

Sensation

104
Q

bodily processes. An infant doesn’t need to be told that he is hungry since hunger will manifest the fact.

A

Hunger

105
Q

Young children commit things to memory in a natural manner.

A

Memory

106
Q

Higher mental functions

A

Language, Memory, Attention, and Perception.

107
Q

As we grow older and undergo a multitude of other social processes, language learning will also advance, as well as our thought processes.

A

Language

108
Q

can be cultivated and controlled by this time and they know how to make relevant associations and memorized stuff they think is necessary.

A

Memory

109
Q

They are now able to decide which objects, actions or thoughts to focus on.

A

Attention

110
Q

Social interactions help the child’s level of perception, increasing his awareness and capacity to understand why things are as they are.

A

Perception

111
Q

Anyone who has a better understanding considerably higher or superior level of ability, skill or knowledge about a particular subject, task or process, than the person who is attempting to learn. Normally thought of as being a teacher, coach, or older adult, but could also be peers, a younger person, and even a computer.

A

The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)

112
Q

This is where the child will be given a lot of encouragement but just the right amount of guidance to allow the child to develop his skills.

A

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

113
Q

scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, and societies, in both the present and past, including past human species.

A

Anthropology

114
Q

Our genetics determine our behavior. Our personality traits ad abilities are in our nature.

A

Nature

115
Q

Our environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine our behavior. We are natured to behave in certain ways.

A

Nurture

116
Q

In the Anthropological perspective, there are two ways in which the concept of self is viewed in different societies:

A

egocentric concept of the self. and the sociocentric concept of the self.

117
Q

suggests that each person is defined as a replica of all humanity but capable of acting independently from others.

A

Egocentric

118
Q

the self is viewed as dependent on the situation or social setting.

A

Sociocentric

119
Q

the self is viewed as dependent on the situation or social setting. Also refers to as “features of a person’s identity that he or she chooses to emphasize in constructing a social self.”

A

Identity Toolbox

120
Q

may be attained by kinship, family membership, gender, age, language, religion, ethnicity, personal appearance, and socioeconomic status. Some characteristics such as kinship, gender, and age are almost universally used to differentiate people.

A

Self-Identification

121
Q

the most significant feature to determine the person’s social identity.

A

Family Membership

122
Q

Another important identity determinant that is often viewed as essential for the maintenance of a group identity is language. In other societies, religious affiliation is an important marker of group identity. In Mindanao, being a Christian or a Muslim is possibly the most important defining feature of social identity.

A

Language and Religious Affiliation

123
Q

an important device to individualize a person and to have an identity. One’s identity is not inborn. It is something people continuously develop in life. Changes in one’s identity usually involve rites of passage that prepares individuals for new roles from one stage of life to another.

A

Personal Naming

124
Q

people detach from their former identity to another. For example, in a wedding, the bride walking down the aisle to be “given away” by the parents to the groom implies the separation from one’s family to become part of a new one.

A

Separation Phase

125
Q

a person transitions from one identity to another. For example, the wedding ceremony itself is the process of transition of the bride and groom from singlehood to married life.

A

Liminality Phase

126
Q

the change in one’s status is officially incorporated. For example, the wedding reception and parties that celebrate the wedding serve as the markers that officially recognize the bride and groom’s change towards being husband and wife

A

Incorporation Phase

127
Q

an American anthropologist, offers a reformation of the concept of culture which favors a symbolic interpretative model of culture. He defines culture as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which people communicate, perpetuate and develop their knowledge about and attitude toward life

A

Clifford Geertz

128
Q

The Self as embedded in culture

A

Clifford Geertz

129
Q

William James’s Concept of Self:

A

The Me-Self and the I-Self

130
Q

a Philosopher and Psychologist, developed a theory of self-consciousness in his work, Principles of Psychology, which was published in 1890.

A

William James

131
Q

is the empirical self. It refers to describing the person’s personal experiences (for example, the gifts were sent to ME. The person is smiling at ME).

A

The “Me” self

132
Q

The “Me” Self is further divided into sub-categories:

A

material self, social self, and spiritual self.

133
Q

The material aspect encompasses every material thing that a person values and desires. The attainment of these materials can help someone build up their self-image. An example is the person’s body, his house, clothes, and his money.

A

Material Self

134
Q

The social self refers to whom and how a person acts on social situations. Changes in behavior usually result from the different social situations the person finds himself in.

A

Social Self.

135
Q

The spiritual self refers to the most intimate and important part of the self that includes the person’s purpose, motives, emotions, values, conscience, and moral behaviour.

A

Spiritual Self

136
Q

material self, social self, and spiritual self. Which of these three is the hardest to fully understand?

A

Spiritual Self

137
Q

refers to the self that knows who he or she is. James believed that the “I-Self” is the thinking self. The “I-Self” reflects the soul of a person or what is now thought of as the mind and is called the pure ego.

A

The “I” Self

138
Q

Carl Roger’s Self Theory:

A

Real and Ideal Self

139
Q

an American Psychologist, defined the self as a flexible and changing perception of personal identity. The self develops from interactions with significant people and self-awareness.

A

Carl Roger

140
Q

The two types of self-concept are:

A

The real self-concept and ideal self-concept

141
Q

consist s of all the ideas, including the awareness of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’.

A

The real self–concept

142
Q

is the person’s conception of what one should be or wanted to be that includes one’s goals and ambitions in life.

A

The Ideal self-concept

143
Q

The closer (congruent) the ideal self is to the real self, the more fulfilled and happy the individual becomes. The farther (incongruent) the ideal self is to the real self leads to unhappy and dissatisfied person. True or False?

A

True

144
Q

David Lester’s Concept of the Self

A

MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF

145
Q

a British-American psychologist, defined that the mind is composed of multiple such subselves that are autonomous sets of psychological processes such as dreams, desires, emotions and memories.

A

David Lester

146
Q

is the integration of the subselves into one; however, integration is a task for the later part of life.

A

Unified self

147
Q

Donald Woods Winnicott’s Concept of the Self

A

TRUE VERSUS FALSE SELF

148
Q

was an English paediatrician and psychoanalyst suggests that the self is composed of the true self and the false self.

A

Donald Woods Winnicott

149
Q

is represented by our real feelings and desires

A

True Self

150
Q

is a side of us that has changed its behaviour, repressed feelings and pushed needs aside in order to survive.

A

False Self

151
Q

We introduced the idea of the onion – the true self at the centre protected by outer layers of false self. True or False?

A

True

152
Q

the child’s real feelings, needs, desires and thoughts – is pushed further and further inside the onion. Of course, we still have all of these feelings, needs, desires and thoughts; it’s just that the adapted false self dominates: it has to.

A

The True Self

153
Q

thought and behaviour patterns develop during childhood stay with us as adults. While they used to be helpful, they often become a hindrance as we get older and gain more independence.

A

The False-Self

154
Q

Albert Bandura’s Concept of the Self

A

THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC

155
Q

suggests that humans have the ability to act and make things happen. In his theory of the self, people are viewed as proactive agents of experiences.

A

Albert Bandura

156
Q

The main agentic features of human agency are:

A

intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.

157
Q

refers to actions performed by the person with full awareness of his behavior or acts done intentionally.

A

Intentionality

158
Q

enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions.

A

Forethought

159
Q

enables the person to make choices and choose appropriate courses of action, as well as motivate and regulate their execution.

A

Self-reactiveness

160
Q

gives the person the ability to reflect upon oneself and the adequacy of one’s thoughts and actions.

A

Self-reflectiveness

161
Q

are the foundation of human agency.

A

Efficacy Beliefs

162
Q

play a central role in self-regulation.

A

Efficacy Beliefs

163
Q

Carl Gustav’s Concept of the Self.

A

THE SELF AS THE CENTRAL ARCHETYPE

164
Q

conceived the structure of personality (psyche) as a complex network of interacting systems that strive toward harmony.

A

Carl Gustav jung

165
Q

is one’s conscious mind, the part of the psyche that includes perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories that may enter consciousness.

A

The ego

166
Q

For Jung, there are four major archetypes:

A

persona, shadow, animus/anima, and self.

167
Q

refers to social roles that individuals present to others.

A

persona

168
Q

the repressed thoughts that are unacceptable. This archetype is often considered as the dark side of the psyche.

A

The shadow

169
Q

is the feminine side of the male psyche while the ______ is the masculine side of the female psyche.

A

anima/animus

170
Q

is the central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche.

A

The Self

171
Q

is the individual’s conscious perception of the self.

A

The ego

172
Q

SIGMUND FREUD’S Concept of the Self.

A

Construction of Self and Personality

173
Q

According to Sigmund Freud, there are three structures of personality:

A

id, ego, superego

174
Q

is immature, impulsive, child-like and cannot delay gratification.

A

id

175
Q

refers to the “I” and works on the reality principle, controls the id, and can delay pleasure.

A

ego

176
Q

refers to the “conscience” and “moral judge” of conduct.

A

superego

177
Q

is the devil within the self

A

id

178
Q

is the angel

A

superego

179
Q

In Freud’s view, the id, ego, and superego develop in a series of stages. Freud called these the

A

psychosexual stages of development

180
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

181
Q

which lasts from birth up to the first year of life. During this stage, babies derive pleasure from oral activities like sucking and biting.

A

Oral Stage

182
Q

which occurs around the second year of life. During this stage, the child derives pleasure from the elimination of body wastes. Through toilet training, the child learns the basic rules of society.

A

Anal Stage

183
Q

as the third stage, usually occurs around the ages of 3 and 6. Children during this stage derive pleasure from examining, touching, fondling, or displaying their genitals, or others.

A

Phallic Stage

184
Q

which lasts between 7 to 12 years old. At this stage, sexual energy is repressed because children become busy with school.

A

Latency Stage

185
Q

stagewhich starts from adolescence to adulthood. During this stage, pleasure is derived from the genital area and individuals seek to satisfy their sexual drives from sexual relationships.

A

Genital Stage

186
Q

Parallel with Freud’s Phallic Stage.

A

Play Age (3-5 years)

187
Q

Parallel with Freud’s Latency Stage.

A

School Age (6-11 years)

188
Q

is the fifth developmental stage and the most crucial.

A

Adolescence (12-20 years),

189
Q

Face the developmental task of forming intimate relationship with others.

A

Young Adulthood (20’s – 30’s)

190
Q

A chief concern is to assist the younger generation in developing and leading useful lives – this is what Erikson means by generativity.

A

Adulthood (40’s – 50’s)

191
Q

During this stage, a person reflects on the past and either piece together a positive review or concludes that life has not been spent well.

A

Old Age (60 and onwards)

Midterms Preparation (5 decks)

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