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Scribe101 > Understanding Diseases > Flashcards

Understanding Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology

A

-bodily processes associated w/ diseases or injuries

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2
Q

Associated symptoms

A

= pertinent positives

-symptoms associated w/ chief complaint / CC

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3
Q

Pertinent negativs

A
  • symptoms a patient doesn’t have

- helps rule out illnesses

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4
Q

Chronic

A

-long-lasting symptoms

> 3 months

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5
Q

Comorbidities

A

-simultaneous presence of 2 chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

  • don’t want contradicting treatments
  • if both diseases affect same organ, increased risk of organ failure
  • Compounding symptoms can lead to poor compliance w/ treatment plan
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6
Q

Big 4

A

HTN / hypertension / high BP
-thins and weakens arteries

DM / diabetes mellitus

HLD / hyperlipidemia / high cholesterol

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7
Q

HTN

A

Etiology = increased BP = excess force on arterial walls

Risk factors = FHx of HTN = family history; obesity; DM; high Na+ diet; smoking; ETOH / alcohol

CC- often asymptomatic; HTN measured at home; headache/chest pain/palpitations = a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion, or illness, blurred vision, epistaxis = nose bleed when HTN begins to affect other organs

PE = physical examination
-lower extremity edema, carotid bruit, CHF/congestive heart failure, JVD / jugular venous distention/enlargement, abnormal heart sounds

carotid bruit - a vascular murmur sound (bruit) heard over the carotid artery area on auscultation during systole - b/c of obstruction such as plaque = blood flow turbulent = CAD/carotid artery disease
-can cause CVA / cerebrovascular accident/stroke or TIA / transient ischemic attack / mini-stroke

auscultation = the action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope, as a part of medical diagnosis

Hypotensive = <90/60
Normal/normotensive = 90-120/60-80
Prehypertensive = 121-140/80-90
Hypertensive = >140/90

Treated w/ weight loss, regular exercise, smoking cessation, low Na+ diet

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8
Q

DM

A

insulin / glucagon
pancreatic B and a islet cells- islet of Langerhans

Type 1 DM = only IDDM

  • insulin insufficiency- can’t make insulin
  • only 5% DM patients
  • only treated w/ insulin / injections
  • diagnosed early in life
  • strong FHx component / family history
  • immune cells destroy pancreatic B-islet cells
  • too high blood sugar

Type 2 DM = insulin resistance b/c consistently high blood glucose

  • 95% of today’s DM patients
  • treated w/ diet/lifestyle changes, non-insulin pills/meds, and insulin
  • may be IDDM or NIDDM (insulin dependent or not)

Symptoms = frequent thirst, frequent urination (kidneys trying to get rid of excess sugar)

  • poor healing
  • blurred vision b/c poor circulation
  • chronic diabetes affects nerves = neuropathy
  • –causes burning pain in extremities and paresthesia = numbness/tingling

Diagnose by getting fasting blood sugar levels in morning / pre-prandium

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9
Q

HLD

A

hyperlipidemia / high cholesterol
-fat from food deposits into arteries = block blood flow

HDL = good and LDL = bad

Risk factors- obesity, high lipid diet, physical diet, FHx, DM, EtOH use

Dx (Diagnosis): Bloodwork- measure cholesterol and TAG- look for elevated LDL
Blood test is called total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL

Elevated blood lipids = plaque buildup in arteries

HDL- good- takes fat deposits and puts in liver and out of arteries

Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis

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10
Q

CAD = coronary artery disease

A
  • heart disease
  • coronary arteries harden and get narrow b/c of cholesterol and fatty deposits

Risk factors/comorbidities: HTN, DM, HLD, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, and FHx

Main symptom = chest pain - b/c of decreased blood flow to heart
-diagnosed w/ cardiac catheterization- inserted into peripheral vein to heart, then dye injected- reveals blockages/narrowing

medicine = blood thinners, vasodilators, lifestyle changes

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11
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

-heart attack
blockage = heart disease = lack of blood + muscle injury = death
-not enough oxygen to heart
-if you have an MI, you also have CAD

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12
Q

Acute vs chronic cutoff

A

3 months

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13
Q

Strep Pharyngitis

A
  • antibiotics
  • big symptom - fever
  • if untreated, spreads to ear, sinuses, blood = bad
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14
Q

Otitis media

A

ear infection - middle ear
Eardrum affected = fluid buildup/effusion occurs
-too much pressure = eardrum ruptures

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15
Q

Back pain

A
  • Bulging Discs and DDD (Degenerative Disc Disease)
  • Bulging: herniated = protruding (organ/structure)- pinch nerve, chronic pain
  • DDD = degeneration of cushion b/w discs- feel more shock w/ movements, spine gets stiff
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16
Q

Extremities

A

X-rays for broken bones

MRI for joints/nerves

17
Q

UTI

A

Urinary Tract Infection

  • when urethra exposed to bacteria, which travels to bladder
  • if spreads to kidneys, it’s called pyelonephritis

dysuria, hematuria

  • women are more likely to get it b/c they have a shorter urethra
  • treat with Abx (antibiotics)
18
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A
  • egg implants outside uterus, ie fallopian tube
  • inviable
  • vaginal bleeding, abdominal/pelvic pain
  • egg must be removed or it can rupture the fallopian tube = massive bleeding
19
Q

Torsions

A

twisting

  • if ovary twists, cut off blood supply to ovary and fallopian tube
  • if testicle twists around spermatic cord (blood vessels, nerves, ducts)
  • painful
  • happen by chance
  • usually surgery corrects it
20
Q

Cellulitis

A 
-skin cell inflammation
"cellu" = skin cells
-characteristic finding = induration / localized hardening 
-if spread to blood, bad
-Abx
21
Q

Abscess

A
  • bacterial infection of skin w/ underlying pus accumulation
  • abscess is fluctuant (unlike cellulitis)- palpable fluid collection, usually w/ pus

-treat w/ Abx, incision and drainage (I&D)

22
Q

Rash

A
  • sign of true allergic rxn (treat w/ antihistamines)

- color, marking, shape, area helps find cause

23
Q

Abdominal pain causes

A
  • appendicitis
  • cholecystitis
  • abdominal aortic aneurysm (artery enlargement b/c weakened wall)
  • C. Diff Colitis- opportunistic bacteria, persistent diarrhea (FMT/stool therapy)
  • gastroenteritis- vomiting, diarrhea, viral or bacterial
  • Crohn’s Disease- immune disorder; diarrhea and abdominal pain
  • IBS/irritable bowel syndrome- chronically sensitive bowels prone to diarrhea
  • Gastritis- irritated stomach, vomiting
24
Q

Chest pain

A
  • coronary artery disease / heart disease
  • myocardial infarction / heart attack
  • pericarditis = inflammation of pericardium (surrounds heart)
  • Pleurisy = inflammation of pleura (surrounds lungs)
  • costochondritis = irritation of ribs; worsened if press on sternum
  • chest wall pain- when palpation of chest (checking/pressing w/ hand)
  • pleural effusion = fluid collecting around lungs causing SOB/shortness of breath or CP/chest pain

Scribe101 (14 decks)

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