Formation of Diagnosis Flashcards
CBC
Complete Blood Count
-looks for infections and anemia
Leukocytosis = high WBC count = infection
H&H = hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) (ratio of Volume of RBC to Vblood)
-low = anemia
= less oxygen, SOB, fatigue/weak feeling
thrombocytopenia = low platelet count
BMP
basic metabolic panel
-electrolytes = Na, K, Cl- (hyper/hyponatremia = dehydration) (hyperkalemia = poor kidney function, hypokalemia = arrhythmia) (hyper/hypochloremia = dehydration)
- Kidney function = BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine (metabolized creatine/RGN aa’s- which is excreted in urine
- -too high = renal insufficiency / failure
- Blood glucose level
- hypercarbia (HCO3-) = possible respiratory disease, hypocarbia/hypocapnia = hyperventilation, possible DKA / diabetic ketoacidosis
in DKA, the body is overwhelmed with acid so it tries to get rid of CO2 via hyperventilation; thus SOB
at physiological pH, ketoacids dissociate and H+ ions lower the concentration of bicarbonate
CMP
comprehensive metabolic panel
-BMP + liver function tests (LFTs)
(electrolytes, kidney function, blood sugar, liver function)
1) AST = aspartate transaminase
2) ALT = alanine transaminase
3) Alk Phos = alkaline phosphatase
4) T bili = total bilirubin (an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile)
high = jaundice, liver failure
elevated = liver damage/failure
Urinalysis
-looks for UTI–> high WBC count, RBC count, bacteria
hematuria b/c bacteria disrupt bladder lining = inflammation, bleeding
hematuria is also caused by kidney stones, esp when it moves from kidney to ureter-> it scrapes ureter wall which is painful and causes bloody urine
hematuria can also indicate trauma, cancer, polycystic kidney disease, blood clotting disorders, and inflammation of urinary system
Imaging
X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds
X-ray: patient b/w radiographic film & X-ray emitter- images based on density (white = more dense; Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays most = most white) = mainly used for bone ie fractures, but also lung infections/pneumonia
-mammograms use X-rays to look for breast cancer
CT scans (“CAT scans”; computed tomography)- 64 simultaneous X-rays shot through same area of body and assembled by computer
- more radiation exposure but better image for diagnosing disease
- can investigate soft tissue ie organs along w/ bone
***Different types:
CT w/o = CT without = no dye or contrast used
-for brain, lung, kidney, bones
-diagnose CVA, lung infections like pneumonia, fractures, kidney stones
CTA/CT w/ = CT with IV contrast / CT angiogram = contrast/dye given via IV = every blood vessel lights up
-diagnose aortic aneuryms, CVA, problems w/ carotid arteries, pulmonary embolisms/clots
CT A/P w/ P/O = Ct abdomen/pelvis with PO contrast
(PO = Per Os = by mouth = drink contrast dye) = light up GI system
-diagnose appendicitis, bowel blockages, diverticulitis (colon)
Ultrasound- high freq sound waves = real time images/video
- no radiation = often used to assess reproductive organs, fluid, and flow
- diagnose ovarian torsions, testicular torsions, ectopic pregnancies, extremity blood clots ie DVT/deep vein thrombosis
- look at gallbladder in right upper abdominal quadrant- reveal gallbladder inflammation and gallbladder stones
EKG = electrocardiogram
- used in ED a lot
- chest pain, SOB, neurologic symptoms ie dizzy, fainting
- include rate (HR in bpm, normal 60-100), rhythm (pattern/coordination of heart contractions) (NSR = normal sinus rhythm), and physician’s findings in the documentation
Rhythm, Ectopy, Axis, Intervals
QRS complex, ST segments
- mark date and time of EKG- new and old ones if present
- -No old EKG available for comparison
- -No change when compared to an EKG dated ____
- -When compared to an EKG dated ____, the following changes are noted…
Rhythm
NSR, SB, ST, A fib, A flutter, Paced, SVT
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
normal rhythm and rate at 60-100 bpm
SB
sinus bradycardia (<60)
ST
sinus tachycardia (>100)
A fib
atrial fibrillation
abnormal/rapid heart rate
A flutter
atrial flutter
Paced
pacemaker is functioning
SVT
supraventricular tachycardia
An abnormally fast heart rhythm due to improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart
Ectopy
early/premature extra heartbeats
PVC and PAC
PVC
-PVC = premature ventricular contraction
Those that start in the lower chambers are premature ventricular contractions, or PVCs
PAC
-PAC = premature atrial contraction
Premature beats that start in your heart’s upper chambers are premature atrial contractions, or PACs
Axis
Electric orientation of contractions
LAD, RAD, LAFB
LAD
left axis deviation
RAD
right axis deviation
LAFB
left anterior fascicular block
e left ventricle of the heart, related to, but distinguished from, left bundle branch block (LBBB). It is caused by only the anterior half of the left bundle branch being defective. It is manifested on the ECG by left axis deviation
Intervals
Prolonged PR Prolonged QT LBBB = left bundle branch block RBBB = right bundle branch block 1 degree AVB = First degree AV (atrioventricular) block 2 and 3 degree
QRS Complex
LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy PRWP = poor R wave progression
PQRST
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