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Scribe101 > Formation of Diagnosis > Flashcards

Formation of Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

CBC

A

Complete Blood Count
-looks for infections and anemia

Leukocytosis = high WBC count = infection

H&H = hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) (ratio of Volume of RBC to Vblood)
-low = anemia
= less oxygen, SOB, fatigue/weak feeling

thrombocytopenia = low platelet count

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2
Q

BMP

A

basic metabolic panel

-electrolytes = Na, K, Cl- (hyper/hyponatremia = dehydration) (hyperkalemia = poor kidney function, hypokalemia = arrhythmia) (hyper/hypochloremia = dehydration)

  • Kidney function = BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine (metabolized creatine/RGN aa’s- which is excreted in urine
  • -too high = renal insufficiency / failure
  • Blood glucose level
  • hypercarbia (HCO3-) = possible respiratory disease, hypocarbia/hypocapnia = hyperventilation, possible DKA / diabetic ketoacidosis

in DKA, the body is overwhelmed with acid so it tries to get rid of CO2 via hyperventilation; thus SOB

at physiological pH, ketoacids dissociate and H+ ions lower the concentration of bicarbonate

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3
Q

CMP

A

comprehensive metabolic panel
-BMP + liver function tests (LFTs)
(electrolytes, kidney function, blood sugar, liver function)

1) AST = aspartate transaminase
2) ALT = alanine transaminase
3) Alk Phos = alkaline phosphatase
4) T bili = total bilirubin (an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile)
high = jaundice, liver failure

elevated = liver damage/failure

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4
Q

Urinalysis

A

-looks for UTI–> high WBC count, RBC count, bacteria
hematuria b/c bacteria disrupt bladder lining = inflammation, bleeding
hematuria is also caused by kidney stones, esp when it moves from kidney to ureter-> it scrapes ureter wall which is painful and causes bloody urine

hematuria can also indicate trauma, cancer, polycystic kidney disease, blood clotting disorders, and inflammation of urinary system

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5
Q

Imaging

A

X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds

X-ray: patient b/w radiographic film & X-ray emitter- images based on density (white = more dense; Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays most = most white) = mainly used for bone ie fractures, but also lung infections/pneumonia
-mammograms use X-rays to look for breast cancer

CT scans (“CAT scans”; computed tomography)- 64 simultaneous X-rays shot through same area of body and assembled by computer

  • more radiation exposure but better image for diagnosing disease
  • can investigate soft tissue ie organs along w/ bone

***Different types:
CT w/o = CT without = no dye or contrast used
-for brain, lung, kidney, bones
-diagnose CVA, lung infections like pneumonia, fractures, kidney stones

CTA/CT w/ = CT with IV contrast / CT angiogram = contrast/dye given via IV = every blood vessel lights up
-diagnose aortic aneuryms, CVA, problems w/ carotid arteries, pulmonary embolisms/clots

CT A/P w/ P/O = Ct abdomen/pelvis with PO contrast
(PO = Per Os = by mouth = drink contrast dye) = light up GI system
-diagnose appendicitis, bowel blockages, diverticulitis (colon)

Ultrasound- high freq sound waves = real time images/video

  • no radiation = often used to assess reproductive organs, fluid, and flow
  • diagnose ovarian torsions, testicular torsions, ectopic pregnancies, extremity blood clots ie DVT/deep vein thrombosis
  • look at gallbladder in right upper abdominal quadrant- reveal gallbladder inflammation and gallbladder stones
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6
Q

EKG = electrocardiogram

A
  • used in ED a lot
  • chest pain, SOB, neurologic symptoms ie dizzy, fainting
  • include rate (HR in bpm, normal 60-100), rhythm (pattern/coordination of heart contractions) (NSR = normal sinus rhythm), and physician’s findings in the documentation

Rhythm, Ectopy, Axis, Intervals
QRS complex, ST segments

  • mark date and time of EKG- new and old ones if present
  • -No old EKG available for comparison
  • -No change when compared to an EKG dated ____
  • -When compared to an EKG dated ____, the following changes are noted…
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7
Q

Rhythm

A

NSR, SB, ST, A fib, A flutter, Paced, SVT

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8
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

normal rhythm and rate at 60-100 bpm

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9
Q

SB

A

sinus bradycardia (<60)

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10
Q

ST

A

sinus tachycardia (>100)

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11
Q

A fib

A

atrial fibrillation

abnormal/rapid heart rate

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12
Q

A flutter

A

atrial flutter

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13
Q

Paced

A

pacemaker is functioning

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14
Q

SVT

A

supraventricular tachycardia

An abnormally fast heart rhythm due to improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart

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15
Q

Ectopy

A

early/premature extra heartbeats

PVC and PAC

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16
Q

PVC

A

-PVC = premature ventricular contraction

Those that start in the lower chambers are premature ventricular contractions, or PVCs

17
Q

PAC

A

-PAC = premature atrial contraction

Premature beats that start in your heart’s upper chambers are premature atrial contractions, or PACs

18
Q

Axis

A

Electric orientation of contractions

LAD, RAD, LAFB

19
Q

LAD

A

left axis deviation

20
Q

RAD

A

right axis deviation

21
Q

LAFB

A

left anterior fascicular block

e left ventricle of the heart, related to, but distinguished from, left bundle branch block (LBBB). It is caused by only the anterior half of the left bundle branch being defective. It is manifested on the ECG by left axis deviation

22
Q

Intervals

A 
Prolonged PR
Prolonged QT
LBBB = left bundle branch block
RBBB = right bundle branch block
1 degree AVB = First degree AV (atrioventricular) block
2 and 3 degree
23
Q

QRS Complex

A 
LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy
PRWP = poor R wave progression
24
Q

PQRST

A

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/ecg_med.jpeg

25
Q

ST segment

A
  • normal, depressed, elevated
  • also nonspecific changes in ST/T segments
ST (up arrow) = acute ST elevation
ST (down arrow) = acute ST depression
NSST delta = nonspecific ST/T changes
Reciprocal changes = ST elevation w/ reciprocal depression
No acute ST/T changes
T-wave inversions/flattening
26
Q

EKG / ECG Leads

A

-12 leads in standard ECG
Leads 1, 2, 3 - written in roman numerals
aVR, aVL, aVF = lowercase a’s (leads)
Leads V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6

inferior leads: 2, 3, aVF
lateral leads: 1, aVR, aVL, V5, V6
anterior leads: V3, V4
septal leads: V1, V2

27
Q

RA

A

room air

ex) oxygen saturation of 99% RA

28
Q

NC

A

nasal cannula
(plastic tube in patient’s nostrils)
delivers oxygen at 2 LPM (liters/min)
ex) 100% O2 Sat on 2L NC

29
Q

FM

A 
Facial mask
plastic mask fit to cover nose and mouth
(looks like nebulizer mask)
Oxygen set b/w 6 and 15 LPM
ex) 100% on 2L FM
30
Q

NRB

A

non-rebreather mask
looks like FM but has attached reservoir bag (1L) that connects to external oxygen tank or bulk oxygen supply system
Delivers 10 to 15 LPM
ex) 100% on 10L NB

31
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous positive airway pressure

Large mask strapped to patient’s face, delivering continuous air pressure

32
Q

BiPAP

A

Biphasic positive airway pressure

  • strapped to patient face
  • alters between pushing air in and letting it out
33
Q

BVM

A

bag-valve-mask

  • blue thing
  • large facial mask held in place by hand and attached to Ambu-bag, which is used to manually inflate patient’s lungs
34
Q

ET

A

endotracheal tube

  • placed via endotracheal intubation
  • ET tube through patient mouth and down trachea
  • used if Pt experiences respiratory failure and is unable to breathe on their own
  • patients typically sedated/unconscious for this procedure
  • ET tubes attached to Ambu-bag temporarily, until attached to ventilator (breathing machine)

Scribe101 (14 decks)

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