Uncontrollable Factors

Question 1

What factors are classified as intrinsic factors in injury, i.e., they are caused by body size, shape, etc.

(These factors include those that are uncontrollable because of genetic or congenital reasons, but can come about because of injury or illness)

Answer 1

Age

Gender

Musculoskeletal deformities such as pes planus (flat feet) and leg length discrepancies

Question 2

What uncontrollable factors may have a source that is intrinsic or genetic, but can be modified within limits by training?

Answer 2

Coordination

Incorrect body weight

Poor posture

Lack of joint mobility

Lack or imbalance of muscle strength

Question 3

Three ageing effects on various biological materials and their loading properties

Answer 3

Bone mass peaks between 20 and 40

Reductions in bone properties
(per decade from 20 years old onwards are 5 and 9% for ultimate tensile stress and strain and 12% for energy absorption to failure)

Tendons are less resistant to tension than bone
(After 30 years old)

Question 4

How much does bone mass decrease in men and women after the age of 35-40?

Answer 4

0.5-1% in men

1-2% in women

Question 5

What are the effects of ageing on ligaments?

Answer 5

Decrease infailure strength and energy absorption before failure, which leads to an increase injoint stiffness and injury susceptibility.

Question 6

What are the effects of ageing on bone?

Answer 6

Mass and size decrease through loss of equal proportions of matrix and mineral content.

(Bones need to be loaded to stay strong)

Question 7

Four reasons why women are more prone to injuries?

Answer 7

1. A wider pelvis (and resulting genu varum with altered hip and knee loading)
2. Smaller bones and surfaces (female bone mass is typically 30% less than males)
3. Greater rate of loss of bone with age (osteoporosis)
4. Less muscle mass and higher fat content.

Question 8

Reasons behind an abnormal gait?

Answer 8

Neurological disorders

Skeletal disorders

Muscular disorders

Pain

Age

Personality

Inability to hear and see

Question 9

Reasons behind a Trendelenberg gait?

Answer 9

Weak hip abductors (e.g. gluteus medius).

The pelvis is not kept in a supported position during the stance phase of walking, and thus the leg has to be swung outwards in a movement known as hip-hitching. This is to prevent the foot from contacting the ground.

Question 10

Flat feet properties?

Answer 10

Quite flexible

Display a pronated position during gait

Tend to toe-off closer to the big toe side of the foot

Question 11

High arched feet properties?

Answer 11

Tighter arches make’s them more rigid

Greater supination than normal feet

The centre of pressure path is more lateral

Question 12

Whats the other name for ‘flat feet’?

Answer 12

Pes Planus

Question 13

Whats the other name for ‘High arched feet’?

Answer 13

Pes Cavus

Question 14

Flat feet cause what four overuse injuries?

Answer 14

1. iliotibial band syndrome
2. Patellofemoral pain syndrome
3. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
4. Tarsal stress fractures

Question 15

High arched feet cause what four overuse injuries?

Answer 15

1. Lateral collateral knee ligament injury
2. Metatarsal stress fractures
3. Peroneal muscle tendinitis
4. Plantar fasciitis