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Breast US > Ultrasound Physics > Flashcards

Ultrasound Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

If TGC is increased in the far field of the image, what changes are seen?

A

Deep tissues become brighter

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2
Q

Regarding ultrasound transducer technology…

A

High frequency yield best resolution but lose penetration

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3
Q

By placing the transducer more perpendicular to a lesion, what feature is more likely to be appreciated on sonography?

A

Pseudocapsule

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4
Q

Doppler is not reliable in distinguishing benign from malignant.

A

True

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5
Q

A checkerboard appearance or arrangement of piezoelectric crystals on the face of a transducer describes a…

A

Matrix array probe

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6
Q

For breast imaging, why is a broad gray scale map or high dynamic range optimal?

A

Many shades of gray will demonstrate subtle tissue differences

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7
Q

Benefits of spacial compounding in breast ultrasound?

A

Sharper margins
Smoother, more realistic image of the tissue
Better tissue differentiation

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8
Q

Which of the linear transducers is most likely to have an elevation plane focus of 1.5cm?

A

10MHz

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9
Q

What kind of artifacts cause unwanted echoes within a cyst?

A

Reverberation, slice thickness artifact, and volume averaging

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10
Q

If TGC is decreases in the near field of the image, what changes are seen?

A

Superficial tissues become darker

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11
Q

When establishing an optimal depth for each patient, what landmark should be used?

A

Chest wall

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12
Q

Attenuation of sound through breast tissue is due to?

A

Reflection
Absorption
Scattering

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13
Q

Gray scale technique for breast ultrasound should be set so mid-level gray echoes represent

A

Fat

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14
Q

If the image looks to dark, what is the first adjustment you should make?

A

Increase gain

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15
Q

Ultrasound operated by

A

B mode or brightness mode

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16
Q

Reverberation is an artifact commonly seen as

A

Multiple, parallel echoes or venetian blind effect

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17
Q

If the output power is decreased, what changes are seen on the image?

A

Entire image becomes darker

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18
Q

If a linear array transducer emittes multiple sound beams at different angles best represents

A

Spatial compounding

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19
Q

The benefit of a matrix array transducer for breast imaging is

A

Improved electronic focusing in the elevation plane

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20
Q

Shadowing is caused by

A

Strongly reflecting or attenuating structures

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21
Q

What is the speed of sound in silicone relative to fat

A

Slower

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22
Q

Which artifacts may be seen as multiple, parallel lines in the anterior portion of a cyst?

A

Reverberation

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23
Q

Techniques to improve artifact in the bear field are

A

Increase transducer pressure, increase frequency, add focal zones in the near field

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24
Q

What transducer is most likely to have an elevation plane focus of 3-4 cm

A

5MHz

25
Q

Which shade of gray is brighter on an ultrasound image?

A

Moderately hyperechoic

26
Q

The brightness or echo amplitude of the breast tissue on ultrasound may be controlled by

A

Gain, TGC, and acoustic power

27
Q

If the image is to bright what adjustment should be made first?

A

Decrease the output power

28
Q

Advantages of Harmonic ultrasound imaging?

A

Artifact reduction
Improved contrast
Improved detail

29
Q

Real-time is ultrasound’s ability to

A

See things in motion in the body

30
Q

By applying firm transducer pressure while scanning, the sonographer may improve

A

Resolution (detail)
Sound transmission
Penetration

31
Q

TGC stands for

A

Time gain compensation

32
Q

Useful artifacts in breast imaging and are termed “diagnostic markers”

A

Shadowing and enhancement

33
Q

What does mildly hyperechoic mean?

A

Slightly brighter than medium gray

34
Q

Optimizing doppler technique for breast imaging usually includes

A

Low velocity
Low filter
Sensitive gain setting

35
Q

Under which scanning conditions is increased transducer pressure not helpful

A

Color Doppler

36
Q

Technically, how can artificial echoes in the near field be removed from an image?

A

Add focal zones

37
Q

If the overall gain is increased, what changes are seen on the image?

A

The entire image becomes brighter

38
Q

If a 5MHz signal is transmitted but a 10MHz signal is received, this is what type of imaging?

A

Harmonic

39
Q

What frame rate is considered real time?

A

15 frames per second or greater

40
Q

The terms mildly, moderately, and markedly can be applied to further describe the echogenicity of a structure. What does markedly hypoechoic mean?

A

Significantly dark shade of gray

41
Q

How can a sonographer reduce shadowing from Cooper’s ligaments?

A

Change the angle of the transducer or apply a little more pressure

42
Q

When establishing correct gray scale and gain settings for so ographic breast imaging, all structures should be compared to the mid-level echogenicity of?

A

Fat

43
Q

Which shade of gray is darker on an ultrasound?

A

Markedly hypoechoic

44
Q

Which shade of gray is darker on an ultrasound?

A

Markedly hypoechoic

45
Q

Multi-focus or variable focusing capabilities is optimal in breast imaging because it provides?

A

Best resolution the full depth of the image

46
Q

Non useful artifacts in breast imaging

A

Reverberation, slice thickness, side love

47
Q

While scanning through silicone implants, the ultrasound system places the chest wall deeper than the true chest wall depth. This artifact is known as?

A

Speed error

48
Q

The reduction of intensity of a sound wave as it travels through a material describes

A

Attenuation

49
Q

Under what conditions would a sonographer consider using a 7MHz transducer for breast imaging

A

Large breasted females

50
Q

If a tissue weakly reflects ultrasound, it will have what appearance on the image?

A

Dark or dark gray or hypoechoic

51
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

52
Q

A sector image is

A

Pie-shaped

53
Q

Two tissues are equal or similar in gray shade appearance

A

Isoechoic

54
Q

When does the sonographer know an optimal TGC setting is achieved?

A

A uniform gray scale pattern is seen from skin to chest wall

55
Q

If a tissue strongly reflects ultrasound, it will have what appearance on the image?

A

Bright or white or hyperechoic

56
Q

Ideal transducer frequency for breast imaging is

A

10-18 MHz

57
Q

Which is the optimal flow setting for color doppler evaluation of a solid breast mass?

A

Low velocity scale

58
Q

The ability to see detail on an ultrasound image including both lateral and axial resolution is called

A

Spatial resolution

Breast US (6 decks)

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