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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates contraction of the myoepithelium and promotes “let down” of the breast milk.

A

Oxytocin

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2
Q

The tissue layer sequence of the breast from anterior to posterior is

A

Skin, subcutaneous fat, mammary layer, retromammary space, pectoral muscles, chest wall

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3
Q

In the anatomy of a lymph node, the lymph vessels that bring lymph into the outer cortex of the node are called

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

Which nerves innervate the breast?

A

Intercostal nerves

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5
Q

The rotter’s nodes are part of what lymph node chain?

A

Axillary group

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6
Q

Smallest functional unit of the breast

A

Acini

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7
Q

What is the function of the myoepithelial layer of the duct?

A

To propel and express milk during lactation

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8
Q

How many lobes are there in each breast?

A

15-20

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9
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the chest muscles?

A

Pectoralis major is located anterior to minor

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10
Q

The main venous structures that drain the breast tissues include

A

Internal mammary, intercostal, axillary, and lateral thoracic veins

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11
Q

What does the term parenchyma refer to?

A

Functional tissue of an organ

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12
Q

The congenital absence of one or both breasts is properly termed

A

Amastia

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13
Q

What structures are normally present in the male breast?

A

Fat, stroma, rudimentary ducts

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14
Q

In comparison to fat, which of the following accurately describes the echogenicity of dense fibroglandular tissue?

A

Hyperechoic

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15
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Origin is ribs 3-5, insertion is the coracoid process of the scapula

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16
Q

What type of tissue mostly occupies the retromammary space?

A

Fat

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17
Q

What is the significance of the milk line?

A

Accessory breast tissue may be located here

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18
Q

Which of the following best describes the ratio of glandular versus fatty tissue in the female breast?

A

BMI

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19
Q

TDLU means

A

Terminal duct lobular unit

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20
Q

A TDLU is made up of

A

Acini, intralobular terminal ducts, one lobe, and extralobular terminal duct

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21
Q

Estrogen and progesterone have primary hormonal control of the breast tissue. Progesterone stimulates what?

A

TDLU (glandular tissue)

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22
Q

All of the following lymph node groups are part of the axillary lymph node chain

A

Central group, rotter’s nodes, scapular group

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23
Q

Name one condition where breast parenchyma or glandular tissue may increase

A

Women taking HRT

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24
Q

Which of the following arteries pertaining to the chest is commonly taken for use in the coronary artery bypass procedure?

A

Internal mammary artery

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25
What is polymastia?
Accessory breast
26
What stage of life will the normal breast demonstrate involution?
Menopause
27
What vessels make up the arterial supply of the breast?
Lateral thoracic, internal mammary, thoracoacrominal, and intercostal arteries
28
In comparison to fat what accurately describes the echogenicity of skin?
Hyperechoic
29
The beginning of the terminal duct, also known as the ductule, is located within what structure?
Lobule
30
Fat within the premammary and retromammary regions will increase with all of the following conditions.
Advanced age, pregnancy, obesity
31
In comparison to fat, what describes the echogenicity of Cooper’s ligaments?
Hyperechoic
32
What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major muscle?
Origin is the clavicle and sternum, insertion is the proximal humerus
33
The lactiferous ducts enlarge slightly beneath the nipple. This is termed the
Lactiferous sinus
34
Approximately 75% of lymph flow from the breast is towards the axillary lymph node chain. The other 25% flows to the following locations.
Opposite breast, internal mammary (parasternal) chain, diaphragm (or to the abdomen)
35
What is the normal skin thickness of the breast?
.5-2mm
36
What is the chief hormone that causes the acinar cells to produce milk during lactation?
Prolactin
37
The flow of the lymph in the breast travels
Toward the periareolar plexus, then centrifugally to the outer lymph node chains
38
In comparison to fat, which echogenicity describes glandular tissue?
Isoechoic to mildly hypoechoic
39
The premammary layer primarily houses what tissue type?
Adipose tissue
40
How do normal intramammary lymph nodes appear on sonography?
Hypoechoic with hyperechoic fatty hilum
41
Approximately how many acini make up a lobule?
30
42
Accessory nipple is termed
Polythelia
43
What are cooper’s ligaments?
Part of the stroma that supports the breast parenchyma
44
Absence of the nipple is properly termed
Athelia
45
75% of lymph drainage from the breast goes to which lymph node group?
Axillary nodes
46
The tissue layer sequence of the breast from posterior to anterior is
Chest wall, pectoral muscles, retromammary space, mammary layer, subcutaneous fat, skin
47
The small extensions of Cooper’s ligaments found in the subcutaneous fat layer represent?
Retinacula cutis
48
Not actual breast tissue, what is the most commonly mistaken palpable structure for a breast mass?
A rib
49
The acini, lobules, TDLUs, lobes, and lactiferous ducts make up what part of the breast?
Epithelial or glandular tissue
50
What structures are known as the architectural framework of the breast?
Cooper’s ligaments
51
The two systems that offer both superficial and deep structures of the breast tissues are the?
Lymphatic and venous systems
52
The two systems that offer both superficial and deep structures of the breast tissues are the?
Lymphatic and venous systems
53
Montgomery glads are located where?
Surface of the areola
54
Montgomery glads are located where?
Surface of the areola
55
Interlobular fat and connective tissue such as the Cooper’s ligaments, loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue make up what part of the breast?
Stromal tissue
56
Describe the sonographic appearance of the pectoral muscles?
Hypoechoic with hyperechoic linear striations
57
Congenital absence of a breast is known as.
Amastia
58
Breast enlargement in females prior to age 8 is defined as
Precocious puberty
59
What is amazia
The absence of the breast tissue with development of the nipple
60
The function of the myoepithelium of the lactiferous duct is to
Propel milk toward the nipple
61
The tail of Spence is most closely related to which quadrant of the breast?
Upper-outer
62
In the anatomy of a lymph node, the vessel that carries lymph out of the nope via the hilum is called
Efferent lymphatic vessel
63
The superficial layer of the superficial fascia lies within what tissue plane?
Premammary layer
64
Which structure lies within the retromammary space just posterior to the mammary zone?
Deep layer of the superficial fascia
65
Each breast lobe has how many lactiferous ductal systems?
1
66
Estrogen and progesterone have primary hormonal control of the breast tissue. Estrogen stimulates what?
Connective tissues
67
Nipple inversion from birth is a sign of
A congenital anomaly
68
The deep layer of the superficial fascia lies within what tissue plane?
Retromammary layer
69
What is the true shape of a lymph node?
Reniform
70
What is the true shape of a lymph node?
Reniform
71
Bumps along the margin of the areola represent
Montgomery’s glands

Breast US (6 decks)

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