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Breast US > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates contraction of the myoepithelium and promotes “let down” of the breast milk.

A

Oxytocin

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2
Q

The tissue layer sequence of the breast from anterior to posterior is

A

Skin, subcutaneous fat, mammary layer, retromammary space, pectoral muscles, chest wall

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3
Q

In the anatomy of a lymph node, the lymph vessels that bring lymph into the outer cortex of the node are called

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

Which nerves innervate the breast?

A

Intercostal nerves

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5
Q

The rotter’s nodes are part of what lymph node chain?

A

Axillary group

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6
Q

Smallest functional unit of the breast

A

Acini

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7
Q

What is the function of the myoepithelial layer of the duct?

A

To propel and express milk during lactation

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8
Q

How many lobes are there in each breast?

A

15-20

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9
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the chest muscles?

A

Pectoralis major is located anterior to minor

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10
Q

The main venous structures that drain the breast tissues include

A

Internal mammary, intercostal, axillary, and lateral thoracic veins

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11
Q

What does the term parenchyma refer to?

A

Functional tissue of an organ

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12
Q

The congenital absence of one or both breasts is properly termed

A

Amastia

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13
Q

What structures are normally present in the male breast?

A

Fat, stroma, rudimentary ducts

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14
Q

In comparison to fat, which of the following accurately describes the echogenicity of dense fibroglandular tissue?

A

Hyperechoic

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15
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Origin is ribs 3-5, insertion is the coracoid process of the scapula

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16
Q

What type of tissue mostly occupies the retromammary space?

A

Fat

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17
Q

What is the significance of the milk line?

A

Accessory breast tissue may be located here

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18
Q

Which of the following best describes the ratio of glandular versus fatty tissue in the female breast?

A

BMI

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19
Q

TDLU means

A

Terminal duct lobular unit

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20
Q

A TDLU is made up of

A

Acini, intralobular terminal ducts, one lobe, and extralobular terminal duct

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21
Q

Estrogen and progesterone have primary hormonal control of the breast tissue. Progesterone stimulates what?

A

TDLU (glandular tissue)

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22
Q

All of the following lymph node groups are part of the axillary lymph node chain

A

Central group, rotter’s nodes, scapular group

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23
Q

Name one condition where breast parenchyma or glandular tissue may increase

A

Women taking HRT

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24
Q

Which of the following arteries pertaining to the chest is commonly taken for use in the coronary artery bypass procedure?

A

Internal mammary artery

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25
Q

What is polymastia?

A

Accessory breast

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26
Q

What stage of life will the normal breast demonstrate involution?

A

Menopause

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27
Q

What vessels make up the arterial supply of the breast?

A

Lateral thoracic, internal mammary, thoracoacrominal, and intercostal arteries

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28
Q

In comparison to fat what accurately describes the echogenicity of skin?

A

Hyperechoic

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29
Q

The beginning of the terminal duct, also known as the ductule, is located within what structure?

A

Lobule

30
Q

Fat within the premammary and retromammary regions will increase with all of the following conditions.

A

Advanced age, pregnancy, obesity

31
Q

In comparison to fat, what describes the echogenicity of Cooper’s ligaments?

A

Hyperechoic

32
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Origin is the clavicle and sternum, insertion is the proximal humerus

33
Q

The lactiferous ducts enlarge slightly beneath the nipple. This is termed the

A

Lactiferous sinus

34
Q

Approximately 75% of lymph flow from the breast is towards the axillary lymph node chain. The other 25% flows to the following locations.

A

Opposite breast, internal mammary (parasternal) chain, diaphragm (or to the abdomen)

35
Q

What is the normal skin thickness of the breast?

A

.5-2mm

36
Q

What is the chief hormone that causes the acinar cells to produce milk during lactation?

A

Prolactin

37
Q

The flow of the lymph in the breast travels

A

Toward the periareolar plexus, then centrifugally to the outer lymph node chains

38
Q

In comparison to fat, which echogenicity describes glandular tissue?

A

Isoechoic to mildly hypoechoic

39
Q

The premammary layer primarily houses what tissue type?

A

Adipose tissue

40
Q

How do normal intramammary lymph nodes appear on sonography?

A

Hypoechoic with hyperechoic fatty hilum

41
Q

Approximately how many acini make up a lobule?

A

30

42
Q

Accessory nipple is termed

A

Polythelia

43
Q

What are cooper’s ligaments?

A

Part of the stroma that supports the breast parenchyma

44
Q

Absence of the nipple is properly termed

A

Athelia

45
Q

75% of lymph drainage from the breast goes to which lymph node group?

A

Axillary nodes

46
Q

The tissue layer sequence of the breast from posterior to anterior is

A

Chest wall, pectoral muscles, retromammary space, mammary layer, subcutaneous fat, skin

47
Q

The small extensions of Cooper’s ligaments found in the subcutaneous fat layer represent?

A

Retinacula cutis

48
Q

Not actual breast tissue, what is the most commonly mistaken palpable structure for a breast mass?

A

A rib

49
Q

The acini, lobules, TDLUs, lobes, and lactiferous ducts make up what part of the breast?

A

Epithelial or glandular tissue

50
Q

What structures are known as the architectural framework of the breast?

A

Cooper’s ligaments

51
Q

The two systems that offer both superficial and deep structures of the breast tissues are the?

A

Lymphatic and venous systems

52
Q

The two systems that offer both superficial and deep structures of the breast tissues are the?

A

Lymphatic and venous systems

53
Q

Montgomery glads are located where?

A

Surface of the areola

54
Q

Montgomery glads are located where?

A

Surface of the areola

55
Q

Interlobular fat and connective tissue such as the Cooper’s ligaments, loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue make up what part of the breast?

A

Stromal tissue

56
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of the pectoral muscles?

A

Hypoechoic with hyperechoic linear striations

57
Q

Congenital absence of a breast is known as.

A

Amastia

58
Q

Breast enlargement in females prior to age 8 is defined as

A

Precocious puberty

59
Q

What is amazia

A

The absence of the breast tissue with development of the nipple

60
Q

The function of the myoepithelium of the lactiferous duct is to

A

Propel milk toward the nipple

61
Q

The tail of Spence is most closely related to which quadrant of the breast?

A

Upper-outer

62
Q

In the anatomy of a lymph node, the vessel that carries lymph out of the nope via the hilum is called

A

Efferent lymphatic vessel

63
Q

The superficial layer of the superficial fascia lies within what tissue plane?

A

Premammary layer

64
Q

Which structure lies within the retromammary space just posterior to the mammary zone?

A

Deep layer of the superficial fascia

65
Q

Each breast lobe has how many lactiferous ductal systems?

A

1

66
Q

Estrogen and progesterone have primary hormonal control of the breast tissue. Estrogen stimulates what?

A

Connective tissues

67
Q

Nipple inversion from birth is a sign of

A

A congenital anomaly

68
Q

The deep layer of the superficial fascia lies within what tissue plane?

A

Retromammary layer

69
Q

What is the true shape of a lymph node?

A

Reniform

70
Q

What is the true shape of a lymph node?

A

Reniform

71
Q

Bumps along the margin of the areola represent

A

Montgomery’s glands

Breast US (6 decks)

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