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Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

If the speed of sound through silicone is one-half the speed of sound through soft tissue, the ultrasound system will improperly place the chest wall behind the silicone

A

Too deep

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2
Q

Which is considered a non-invasive breast cancer?

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

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3
Q

Which margins of a tumor likely represents a benign disease

A

Circumscribed

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4
Q

In women, breast metastasis from another primary most likely comes from

A

Melanoma

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5
Q

Which type of breast cancer is most frequently missed by mammography and sonography?

A

ILC

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6
Q

Micro-invasion of DCIS is best described as

A

Cancer cells found outside the duct with an intact basement membrane

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7
Q

In comparison to fat, which of the following accurately describes the echogenicity of most benign lessons?

A

Mildly hypoechoic, isoechoic, or mildly hyperechoic

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8
Q

Where do most breast cancers originate?

A

In the TDLU

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9
Q

A desmoplastic tissue response surrounding a breast cancer may cause

A

A palpable area to feel larger than the actual tumor size

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10
Q

What signifies silicone migration?

A

Silicone granulomas, silionized lymph nodes, snowstorm siliconoma

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11
Q

Inspissated is sometimes used to describe the type of fluid seen within a cyst or duct. Inspissated means.

A

Thickened or congealed

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12
Q

Breast cancer risks increase due to

A

Early onset of menses

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13
Q

What is another name for “swiss cheese” disease?

A

Benign juvenile papillomatosis

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14
Q

The following tumors may metastasize to the breast

A

Opposite breast, melanoma, prostate cancer

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15
Q

A dark greenish nipple discharge likely represents what condition?

A

Fibrocystic changes

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16
Q

The most effective imaging modality for detecting Ductal Carcinoma in situ is

A

Mammography

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17
Q

Which breast cancer is likely to be more multifocal and/or multicentric on initial diagnosis?

A

ILC

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18
Q

Fibrocystic changes are usually seen on sonography as

A

Multiple cysts or a cluster of cysts

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19
Q

Tumor vessels, formed by angiogenesis, have only 2 layers to their walls. Name them

A

Intima and media

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20
Q

A postmenopausal, slow growing breast cancer composed of gelatinous substance is likely

A

Colloid carcinoma

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21
Q

Oil cysts typically develop along with what primary condition?

A

Fat necrosis

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22
Q

Most common non-invasive breast cancer

A

DCIS

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23
Q

The most common cancer in women today is

A

Breast

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24
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Male breast enlargement

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25
Q

What does the fluid look like when you aspirate a sebaceous cyst?

A

Oily

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26
Q

Breast cancer arising from the lobule contained within the lobule best describes

A

LCIS

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27
Q

Appearance of a lymph node on ultrasound as it becomes cancer invaded is best described as

A

Enlarged with loss of fatty hilum

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28
Q

Multicentric breast cancer is

A

One primary cancer found bilaterally

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29
Q

Where does a fibroadenoma arise from

A

TDLU

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30
Q

Which types of calcifications likely represent a benign disease

A

Rim or eggshell calcifications

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31
Q

Most frequently missed breast cancer by mammo and ultrasound is

A

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

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32
Q

BIRADS category 3 means

A

Probably benign- short term f/u or biopsy

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33
Q

Duct extension is a type of radial extension of tumor invasion into the ducts. What makes it unique

A

It courses toward the nipple

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34
Q

Paget’s disease causes what specific appearance of the skin or areola

A

Flaky, crusty, red

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35
Q

What pathology arises from the TDLU

A

Cyst

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36
Q

What is the speed of sound in silicone relative to fat?

A

Slower

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37
Q

Tissue response due to localized tumor invasion is best described as

A

Desmoplasia

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38
Q

The two surgical sites for implant locations are

A

Subglandular and subpectoral

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39
Q

What causes precocious puberty?

A

Early production of gonadotropin that comes from the pituitary gland

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40
Q

Tumor extension growing along the ducts toward the nipple indicates?

A

Duct extension

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41
Q

What age group is more likely to have breast cysts?

A

40 year old females

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42
Q

Breast Cancer spread through the axillary lymph nodes progesses through level 1, then level 2, then level 3. What muscle differentiates these levels?

A

Pectoralis minor

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43
Q

A breast cancer with a homogeneous, circumscribed, oval appearance on sonography.

A

Medullary carcinoma

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44
Q

Milky nipple discharge in the non-lactating and non pregnant female is known as.

A

Glactorrhea

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45
Q

A complicated cyst

A

Is likely benign and requires no biopsy

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46
Q

Fibroadenomyolipoma is also known as

A

Hamartoma

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47
Q

A superficial lesion seen extending from the dermis is likely a

A

Sebaceous cyst

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48
Q

Typical sites for breast cancer spread include

A

Bone, lung, liver, lymph nodes

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49
Q

Spread of breast cancer through the lymphatic vessels that is rapid and diffuse with a poor prognosis most likely describes.

A

Inflammatory carcinoma

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50
Q

Which quadrant is breast cancer most likely to be found?

A

Upper-outer

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51
Q

Male breast cancer makes up approximately _____% of all breast cancers diagnosed annually.

A

1

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52
Q

The most common cancer affecting women is?

A

Breast cancer

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53
Q

BIRADS category 0 means

A

Inconclusive findings- needs further imaging

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54
Q

Aggressive intraductal thmor

A

Comedo DCIS

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55
Q

Puerperal mastitis mean inflammation of the..

A

Lactating patient

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56
Q

Which characteristic is considered highly sensitive for a malignant finding?

A

Angular margins

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57
Q

Doppler signal recorded within the solid component of a complex cystic structure likely indicates a?

A

Papilloma

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58
Q

Benign lesions have what kind of border thickness

A

Thin, pseudocapsule

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59
Q

Pathologies that arise from the TDLU

A

Fibroadenoma, carcinomas, cysts

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60
Q

Low grade and high grade DCIS

A

Also known as non-comedo and comedo.
Both are contained within the lactiferous
Distinguishing factor between the too is necrosis

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61
Q

The taller-than- wide characteristic of malignancies implies the tumor is

A

Invading tissue plans

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62
Q

Largest percentage of breast cancers are found in the _______ quadrant with the second most common location in the _______

A

Upper outer; retroareaola

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63
Q

A thick echogenic halo or host response surrounding a breast cancer is likely

A

Desmoplasia

64
Q

A thick echogenic halo or host response surrounding a breast cancer is likely

A

Desmoplasia

65
Q

Mucinous carcinoma of the breast can best be described as

A

Slow growing tumor composed of gelatin substance

66
Q

Classic appearance of the skin seen with inflammatory carcinoma is

A

Peau d’orange

67
Q

Why is BIRADS used?

A

Consistent reporting and allows QA follow-up

68
Q

A collection of serous fluid typically following an invasive procedure.

A

Seroma

69
Q

A hamartoma is a benign breast tumor also known as

A

Fibroadenolipomo

70
Q

PASH stands for ______ and is benign. It arises from _____.

A

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia; stromal tissue

71
Q

What are signs of breast implant rupture?

A

Asymmetric size decrease
Hardening of the breast
Tenderness or burning sensation

72
Q

A cyst is what BIRADS category?

A

Category 2

73
Q

Common type of breast tumor is benign, solid, and may respond to hormone influence?

A

Fibroadenoma

74
Q

Common sites for metastasis of breast cancer?

A

Lung, bone, opposite breast

75
Q

The wider than tall characteristic of benign lesions implies the tumor is?

A

Not invading tissue planes and is contained within its original tissue layer

76
Q

Fat necrosis is common in.

A

Post surgical biopsy sites
Post lumpectomy sites
Obese women

77
Q

A breast lesion commonly seen in the subareolar location with a raspberry appearance and duct dilitation most likely represents a?

A

Papilloma

78
Q

Multicentric carcinoma

A

Should warrant a whole breast ultrasound

79
Q

Characteristics of a large, coarse calcification seen om mammography or sonography

A

Nicknamed popcorn calcification
Typically seen with benign disease
Often seen with degenerating fibroadenoma

80
Q

Most common invasive breast cancer is.

A

IDC

81
Q

BIRADS category 4 includes the subcategories of?

A

4a - 2% to 10%
4b - 10% to 50%
4c - 50% to 95%

82
Q

Most likely imaging presentation of DCIS

A

Micro calcifications with or without mass

83
Q

Fibroadenomas shape is

A

Ellipsoid, wider than tall, oval

84
Q

Breast enlargement in men

A

Gynecomastia

85
Q

Bloody nipple discharge also also having serous fluid presenting as a pink color can be described as

A

Serosanguineous

86
Q

Most common palpable structure of the breast mistaken for a mass

A

Fibroglandular ridge of tissue

87
Q

A breast cancer that originates and fills the entire lobule with extension beyond the lobule best describes

A

Invasive lobular carcinoma

88
Q

BIRADS category 5

A

Malignant > 95% likelihood

89
Q

Consistency of a fibroadenoma is best described as

A

Rubbery

90
Q

An implant complication demonstrating the “snowstorm” sign represents

A

Extracapsular rupture on sonography

91
Q

Most benign tumors appear hypoechoic or isoechoic compared to fat

A

True

92
Q

BIRADS means

A

Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System

93
Q

What is a gel bleed?

A

Silicone passing through an intact implant into surrounding tissues

94
Q

What is a gel bleed?

A

Silicone passing through an intact implant into surrounding tissues

95
Q

Types of breast carcinomas

A

Mucinous, medullary, tubular

96
Q

A/P dimension in comparison to transverse denotes what about malignancies?

A

Spread may be crossing through tissue planes

97
Q

Most common tumor to metastasize to the breast is

A

Melanoma

98
Q

Features of malignant masses include

A

Angular margins, taller than wide, posterior shadowing

99
Q

Breast cancer likely to have a suspicious, irregular border

A

Idc

100
Q

Nearly all breast pathology arises from the

A

TDLU

101
Q

The second most common non-invasive cancer is

A

LCIS

102
Q

Invasive lobular cacinoma accounts for what percentage of all breast cancers?

A

10-12. %

103
Q

Branch pattern is a type of radial extension of tumor invasion into the ducts. What makes it unique is…

A

It is coursing away from the nipple

104
Q

Thrombophlebitis of a superficial vein of the breast

A

Mondor’s disease

105
Q

A milk-filled cyst caused by the obstruction of a lactiferous duct

A

Galactocele

106
Q

Newly acquired nipple inversion is a sign of

A

Breast cancer

107
Q

Intracapsular silicone rupture from an implant is confirmed by visualizing

A

Stepladder sign on sonography

108
Q

When scanning the subglandular implant, the sonographer should evaluate the.

A

The edges of the implant, breast tissue anterior to the implant, internal aspect of the implant

109
Q

Features associated with malignant breast cancer on ultrasound

A

Microlobulations, partial shadowing, duct extension

110
Q

Most common symptom of intraductal papilloma is

A

Bloody nipple discharge

111
Q

Normal breast tissue without abnormal findings?

A

BIRADS category 1

112
Q

Male menopause around age 50

A

Andropause

113
Q

When a malignancy has the ability to promote new blood supply, this is called ______ and the new vessels are called ______.

A

Angiogenesis; tumor vessels

114
Q

Known biopsy- proven malignancy

A

BIRADS category 6

115
Q

Two cancers found within 5cm distance is.

A

Multifocal breast cancer

116
Q

The only true encapsulated breast mass is

A

Lipoma

117
Q

The malignancy rate of a complex cyst is approximately ___%, therefore biopsy is warranted

A

25%

118
Q

Arises from the TDLU due to fibrosis and scarring of the ductal epithelium, usually results from hormone influences, and typically occurs in women ages 35-50.

A

Simple cysts of the breast

119
Q

Fibroadenomas are more common to which patient population

A

Black women

120
Q

Angular tumors are

A

Suspicious for malignancy

121
Q

Most breast cancers originate in the

A

TDLU

122
Q

Low grade, slow growing tumor is best described as

A

Non-comedo DCIS

123
Q

In comparison to fat, what accurately describes the echogenicity of most malignant lesions?

A

Mildly to markedly hypoechoic

124
Q

In what layer of the breast are most cancers found?

A

Mammary or glandular zone

125
Q

Epidermal inclusion cyst is also known as a

A

Subaceous cyst

126
Q

Breast enlargement in young girls prior to age 8 describes

A

Precocious puberty

127
Q

When breast cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, which of the following groups carries the worst prognosis

A

Level 3 axillary

128
Q

The most common cause of precocious puberty is

A

Ovarian enlargement and hyperstimulation

129
Q

Sonography misses malignant masses in patients with implants how often?

A

Infrequently

130
Q

Intracapsular rupture is indicated by what sign

A

The stepladder sign

131
Q

A large leaf-like breast mass with poly-lobulations most likely indicates

A

A phyllodes tumor

132
Q

Juvenile papillomatosis most likely presents as a

A

Large swiss cheese appearing mass

133
Q

The long axis of a fibroadenoma typically lies

A

Parallel to the chest wall

134
Q

Medullary carcinoma most likely resembles what other breast pathology

A

Fibroadenoma

135
Q

An epidermal inclusion cyst associated with the montgomery glands of the areola is likely filled with

A

Sebum

136
Q

Classic characteristics of a simple cyst

A

Acoustic enhancement

137
Q

A superficial, sebum-filled lesion seen in the inframammary fold likely represents

A

Sebaceous cyst

138
Q

Tumor extension growing along the ducts away from the nipple indicates

A

Branch pattern

139
Q

Most common age for cysts to develop in the breast

A

35-50

140
Q

Thrombophlebitis occurring of a superficial vein in the breast is also known as

A

Mondor’s disease

141
Q

Breast cancer risks decrease due to

A

Multiple pregnancies

142
Q

Breast cancers that arise from the TDLU

A

Medullary carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, DCIS

143
Q

Which types of calcifications likely represent a malignant disease?

A

Linear branching pattern

144
Q

What breast cancer has been associated with the radial scar?

A

Tubular

145
Q

Stages of the development of breast cancer in progressive nature

A

Normal epithelium to hyperplasia to IS cancer to invasive cancer to metastasis

146
Q

NOS in invasive ductal carcinoma, NOS means

A

Not otherwise Specified

147
Q

Medullary breast cancer is considered

A

A carcinoma

148
Q

Stepladder sign

A

Intracapsular silicone rupture

149
Q

Breast cancer most frequently spreads by

A

Hematogenous or blood stream

150
Q

Two lesions involving a single breast cancer are found in the same quadrant of the breast, the cancer is said to be

A

Multifocal

151
Q

A lactating female presents with skin redness, tenderness, pain and swelling of the breast. The most likely diagnosis is

A

Puerperal mastitis

152
Q

Phyllodes tumors generally present as a large, hypoechoic mass shaped like a

A

Leaf

153
Q

Breast enlargement in the neonate or newborn is likely due to

A

Placental or maternal hormone stimulation

154
Q

Fibroadenomas are

A

Aestrogen related, arises from the TDLU, increases incidence in black females

155
Q

A galactocele has what type of fluid

A

Milky

156
Q

Intracapsular implant rupture may be seen on MRI as

A

Linguine sign

157
Q

The second most common breast cancer overall is

A

DCIS

Breast US (6 decks)

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