Ultrasound of the eye, musculoskeletal and ? Flashcards
Indications for ocular U/S? (4)
Cloudy eye
- Hyphema (blood in anterior chamber)
- Corneal edema
- Uveitis
- Cataract
- Retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Intraocular and retrobulbar masses
Trauma
How to perform ocular U/S?
Sternal recumbency
Topical anesthesia on cornea (tetracaine)
Linear, microconvex probe 7,5 – 40 MHZ
Sterile gel
Transcorneal, transpalpebral techniques
Compare to the other eye
Globe size on U/S.
+ when to measure it?
Inner surface of cornea-posterior wall.
Dog, cat: 20-21mm
AC cat: 5 mm, dog 4 mm
Lense: cat 8 mm, dog 7 mm
Important with glaucoma, trauma and congenital diseases.
What to inspect about the Anterior Chamber on U/S? (3)
Increased depth
- Glaucoma
- Posterior lens luxation
- Aphakia (absence of lens)
Shallowing
- Anterior lens luxation
- Trauma, glaucoma, neoplasia
- Artificial due to compression by the transducer
Doppler examination differentiates between vascularized and non-vascularized tissue.
Aphakia
absence of an ocular lens
What to inspect about the Iris and ciliary body on U/S? (3)
Thickening
- Uveitis
- Tumors (melanoma, adenoma, carcinoma, metastases, lymphoma)
- Iris prolapse
- Adhesions
- Cysts
What to inspect about the lens on U/S? (5)
Luxation
Cataract
Nuclear sclerosis
Congenital abnormalities
Rupture
What to inspect about vitreous humor on U/S? (5)
Changes such as:
Complete retinal detachment (V-shape and fixed to optical disc)
Uveitis ( fibrin)
Hematoma
Neoplasia
Foreign body
retinal detachment
What to inspect about the retrobulbar space on U/S?
What can you observe using Muscoskeletal U/S? (6)
Diffuse or focal soft tissue swelling around a joint, long bone, tendon or muscle belly.
Atrophy of muscle
Palpable thickening of a tendon
Palpable defect in tendon or muscle belly
Abnormal ROM (range of motion) on a joint
Pain on manipulation of a joint
How to perform musculoskeletal U/S?
For tendons and ligament the transducer must be perpendicular or parallel to the fiber pattern.
Scanning in both longitudinal and transverse planes.
Compare with the contralateral limb
Complementary to x-ray examination
High frequency transducer 7,5 MHz or more with linear probe.
What you see during musculoskeletal U/S.
Medium echogenicity with parallel hyperechoic lines representing the fibrillar texture of the tendon.
Acute and chronic tendinitis, mineralization, partial or complete rupture.
Monitoring healing after injury. The healing fibre pattern is not the same as the original/normal.
Normal muscle on U/S is
Normal muscle is hypoechoic to anechoic with fine oblique echogenic striations.
The overlying muscle fasciae are visible as thin hyperechoic bands.
Muscle injuries can be detected, their appearance varying with the age of the injury. Healing can be monitored.
Joints on U/S.
The bone surface, articular cartilage, synovium and synovial fluid may be recognized.
Ligaments are usually too small to see.
Joint effusion, chronic synovitis, articular cartilage defects, joint mice, chronic synovitis and osteophytes may be detected on U/S.
Indications for Thyroid gland U/S. (6)
Presence of space occupying lesion
Cystic vs. solid mass
Staging
Search of ectopic thyroid tissue
Size in planning surgery
Assessment of hyper/hypocalcemia
How should Thyroid gland U/S be performed. (6)
Dorsal recumbency in extension.
High frequency linear transducer.
Medial to the common carotid arteries.
Oesophagus dorsal to the left lobe.
Use transverse view for localization.
Then longitudinal view.
Scan the whole neck and thoracic inlet for ectopic tissue.
Parathyroid gland U/S.
