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DMS 200 Ultrasound Physics > Ultrasound Imaging Parts > Flashcards

Ultrasound Imaging Parts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ultrasound imaging parts? (7)

A
  1. transducer
  2. pulser
  3. beam former
  4. receiver
  5. memory
  6. display
  7. master synchronizer
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2
Q

What does the beam former do?

A

It is the “brain” – it controls the phasing of the transducer. It figures out the timing of everything

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3
Q

What does the pulser do?

A

It’s the “braun” – it creates the voltage needed to excite crystals & make the pulse. It tells memory & receiver that contact has been made with the probe

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4
Q

Other names for the pulser voltage? (6)

A

Acoustic power, output power, transmit, output, energy output, output gain

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5
Q

Does pulser voltage have bioeffects?

A

Yes – always use the lowest power possible

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6
Q

What does the receiver do?

A

Preps information from signals that return to the probe then eventually displays them on the monitor

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7
Q

What are the operations of the receiver?

A

Amplification
Compensation
Compression
Demodulation
Rejection

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8
Q

What is another name for amplification?

A

Receiver gain

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9
Q

What is amplification/receiver gain?

A

Small voltages are boosted and made stronger.

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10
Q

What is the result of increasing amplification/receiver gain?

A

The image’s overall echogenicity is increased

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11
Q

What is preamplification?

A

The process of improving the signal quality before it’s amplified. Large spikes are clipped and very weak signals are amplified

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12
Q

Where is the preamplifier?

A

Between the transducer and amplifier

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13
Q

What are the synonyms for compensation? (4)

A
  1. Swept gain
  2. Time gain compensation (TGC)
  3. Depth gain compensation (DGC)
  4. Line gain compensation (LGC)
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14
Q

What does compensation do?

A

It compensates for attenuation because of depth for uniform echogenicity

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15
Q

What are the synonyms for compression? (2)

A
  1. Log compression
  2. Dynamic range
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16
Q

What is the relationship between dynamic range and compression?

A

Inversely related – compression/log compression are ACTIONS on the dynamic range

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17
Q

What is dynamic range?

A

the range of amplitudes in the signal

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18
Q

What is compression?

A

The ratio of the greatest to smallest amplitudes that can be handled by the US machine

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19
Q

What happens when you increase dynamic range (DR)?

A

Increase dynamic range
Increase shades of grey
Decrease contrast
Increase contrast resolution
Smoother image

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20
Q

What happens when you increase compression?

A

Increase compression
Decrease dynamic range
Decrease shades of grey
Decrease contrast resolution
More contrast!

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21
Q

When would you want to drop dynamic range/increase compression?

A

When you need more contrast between two structures
Ex: cysts

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22
Q

What is demodulation?

A

The process of changing voltages to another form more suitable for display

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23
Q

What are the 2 parts of demodulation?

A
  1. Rectification
  2. Smoothing
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24
Q

What is rectification?

A

Turning negative signals to positive signals

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25
Q

What is smoothing?

A

Averaging the signals to remove “bumps” of voltage signal

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26
Q

What are the synonyms for rejection? (4)

A
  1. Suppression
  2. Threshold
  3. Filter
  4. Wall filter
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27
Q

What is rejection/suppression/filter/threshold?

A

The process of eliminating small voltage amplitudes

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28
Q

What is the purpose of suppression?

A

To reduce noise in spectral and clutter in color doppler

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29
Q

Which one of the receiver’s operations is not user adjustable?

A

Demodulation

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30
Q

What is the synonym for scan converter?

A

Memory

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31
Q

What does the scan converter/memory do?

A

Stores information coming from the receiver

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32
Q

What are the two ways to store data?

A
  1. Analog
  2. Digital
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33
Q

What are the elements of digital scan converters? (2)

A
  1. Pixels
  2. Bits
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34
Q

What is a pixel?

A

Picture element – the smallest building block of digital pictures

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35
Q

What is a bit?

A

Binary digit – the smallest amount of computer memory

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36
Q

What determines a pixel’s shade of grey?

A

The number of bits it has

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37
Q

What is contrast resolution?

A

The ability to show various shades of grey

38
Q

What is pre-processing?

A

Manipulating the image data before storage in the scan converter. This happens before freezing the image

39
Q

What are synonyms for write zoom?

A

RES (regional expansion selection), write zoom, HD

40
Q

What does RES/write zoom/HD do to the image?

A

It takes the ROI, rescans it, and this image has more scan lines and pixel density, leading to better spatial resolution

41
Q

Is RES/write zoom/HD pre or post processing?

A

Pre-processing

42
Q

Synonyms for persistence? (2)

A

Temporal compounding and temporal averaging

43
Q

What is persistence/temporal averaging/temporal compounding?

A

Purposely slowing the frame rate down with frame averaging to see a smoother image

44
Q

When is it a good time to use persistence?

A

When we’re scanning bigger organs that don’t move too much

45
Q

When should we turn persistence off?

A

When we’re scanning anything that moves quickly – echo

46
Q

What is fill-in interpolation?

A

When the machine fills in missing pixels by using pixel averaging due to scan line divergence

47
Q

What image formats use fill-in interpolation?

A
  1. Sector
  2. Blunted sector
48
Q

What is post-processing?

A

The manipulation of image data after storing in scan converter

49
Q

What are the synonyms for read zoom?

A

Read magnification, MAG, ZOOM

50
Q

Is read zoom/mag/zoom pre or post processing?

A

Post-processing

51
Q

What are the 2 synonyms for display?

A
  1. TV monitor
  2. Cathode ray tube (CRT)
52
Q

What are the 3 types of displays?

A
  1. Interlaced display
  2. Noninterlaced display/progressive scan
  3. High res monitors/HD displays
53
Q

How do interlaced displays work?

A

Made up of 525 horizontal lines – odd ones are written first & then even

54
Q

Disadvantage of interlaced displays?

A

Eye strain, especially for moving objects

55
Q

How to progressive scan/noninterlaced displays work?

A

Lines are written in sequence using raster scan

56
Q

What is the advantage of progressive scans?

A

Less eye strain

57
Q

How many horizontal lines do HD displays have?

A

1000+ lines

58
Q

What is the advantage of HD displays?

A

More lines + more pixels = better spatial resolution

59
Q

What are the two monitor controls that can also be found on printers?

A

Brightness & contrast

60
Q

What are the 5 ways to record & archive images?

A
  1. multi-image camera
  2. laser printer
  3. thermal printer
  4. color thermal printer
  5. strip charts
61
Q

Which archiving system(s) use photographic emulsion film?

A

Multi-image camera & laser printer

62
Q

Which archiving system(s) use heat sensitive paper?

A

Thermal printers & color thermal printers

63
Q

Which archiving system uses strips of paper to record info?

A

Strip charts

64
Q

Advantages of multi-image camera for archiving?

A

Good spatial resolution

65
Q

Disadvantage of multi-image cameras for archiving? (2)

A

Photographic film needs storage space
Retrieval problems

66
Q

Advantages of laser printers? (3)

A

Good spatial & grey-scale resolution
More images on 1 sheet of film can save costs
Film develops automatically which can save time and labor costs

67
Q

Disadvantages of laser printers? (2)

A

Storage & retrieval problems (like multi-image cameras)
Printing systems are expensive

68
Q

Advantages of thermal printers? (2)

A

Portable & variable costs

69
Q

Disadvantages of thermal printers? (2)

A

Unstable archival storage
Spatial & image resolution aren’t as good as film

70
Q

Advantage of color thermal printers?

A

Full size color images

71
Q

Disadvantage of color thermal printers

A

Desktop printers – not portable

72
Q

What are strip charts used for?

A

M-mode & spectral doppler information
Fetal non-stress tests

73
Q

Advantages of strip charts? (2)

A

Portable
Low-cost supplies

74
Q

What are the two types of magnetic recording devices?

A
  1. Videotape casettes
  2. Fiber optics
75
Q

Advantages of videotape cassettes? (2)

A
  1. images can be recorded in real time
  2. can be erased & written over
76
Q

Disadvantages of videotape cassettes? (2)

A
  1. Magnetic tape becomes unstable overtime
  2. Europe & Asia have different formats
77
Q

What are the two types of digital format storage options?

A
  1. Magneto-optical disc
  2. PACS/DIN/IMACS
78
Q

How do magneto-optical discs save images digitally?

A

They combine read/write capabilities of magnetic technology with storage capabilities of optical media

79
Q

What are the advantages of magneto-optical discs?

A

Think of them as hard drives/CD roms - more stable than VHS
Info can be saved, deleted, rewritten

80
Q

What do PACS/DIN/IMACS stand for?

A

Picture archiving & communications system
Digital imaging network
Image management acquisition control system

81
Q

What does the local area network (LAN) do for PACS?

A

Links together acquisition, display, archiving, and hard copy components

82
Q

Advantages of PACS/DIN/IMACS? (4)

A
  1. Teleradiology
  2. Reduced necessity for different hard copy devices
  3. Lower film costs
  4. Lower time to retrieve images
83
Q

Disadvantages of PACS/DIN/IMACS? (4)

A
  1. Complex
  2. Expensive
  3. Can be limited in spatial resolution
  4. Reduced accuracy –> less time on scan since it’s sent right away
84
Q

What are on the axes of A-mode?

A

X-axis: depth
Y-axis: amplitude

85
Q

What are on the axes of M-mode?

A

X-axis: time
Y-axis: depth & if there is motion or not

86
Q

What are on the axes of B-mode?

A

X-axis: depth
Y-axis: none
Z-axis: amplitude/brightness

87
Q

What are the 4 display modes in imaging?

A
  1. A-mode
  2. B-mode
  3. M-mode
  4. 3D
88
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

Resolution relating to time

89
Q

What factors affect temporal resolution? (4)

A
  1. Line density
  2. Sector angle
  3. Multiple focal zones
  4. Imaging depth
90
Q

What is the relationship between penetration depth, focal zones, and lines per frame?

A

Depth x # Focal zones x Lines per frame </= 77,000

DMS 200 Ultrasound Physics (7 decks)

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