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Passive Care Exam 2 > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common DEEP heating modality

A

Ultrasound

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2
Q

What is the most common heating modality

A

Moist hot packs

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3
Q

How are sound waves generated in ultra sound

A

Current passes through a crystal causing it to vibrate and produce a sound

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4
Q

How is duty cycle calculated

A

Divide the time sound is delivered by the total treatment time

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5
Q

What is the duty cycle for continuous ultrasound

A

100% duty cycle

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6
Q

what are the common duty cycles for ultrasound

A

50% and 20%

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7
Q

What is the result of continuous ultrasound

A

Tissue healing

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8
Q

What type of effects does pulsed ultrasound have

A

Mechanical/ non-thermal

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9
Q

What is the piezoelectric effect

A

Mechanical deformation of a crystal causes an electrical current to form

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10
Q

What effect causes the high frequency sound waves produced in ultrasound

A

Reverse Piezoelectric effect

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11
Q

What two things determine the quality of an ultrasound machine

A

ERA (effective radiating area)

BNR (beam non uniformity ratio)

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12
Q

Since the Effective Radiating area (ERA) is always smaller than the size of the head, what is the ideal size

A

Only slightly smaller than the head

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13
Q

What determines BNR (Beam non uniformity ratio)

A

Amount of variability of the beam

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14
Q

What is the ideal BNR

A

1:1

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15
Q

What is the acceptable range for BNR

A

8:1

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16
Q

What does having a lower BNR do

A

Eliminate hot spots
Allows for higher dosages without discomfort
Allows for greater comfort and safety

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17
Q

What describes the area of the sound head covered by the peak intensity

A

PAMBNR (Peak area of the Maximum bean non-uniformity ratio)

18
Q

What does a large PAMBNR indicate

A

less uniform heating

19
Q

Other than using ultrasound gel or a pad what else can you use to conduct ultrasound waves

A

Place the head and the anatomy under water

20
Q

How far should you keep the ultrasound head from the patient when using underwater ultrasound

A

0.5cm to 3.0cm

21
Q

What frequency do you use for superficial tissues

A

3 MHz

22
Q

What frequency do you use for deep tissue

A

1MHz

23
Q

What tissues absorb ultrasound the most

A

Higher density (bone, ligament, Cartilage)

Higher protein concentration (muscles)

24
Q

What causes scattering in ultrasound

A

When they encounter a boundary between tissues

25
Q

Where are ultrasound waves reflected

A

Bone

26
Q

Where is the highest point of refraction in ultrasound

A

The point of refraction (ex. where tendon joins bone)

27
Q

An increase of how many degrees is associated with an increase of metabolic activity

A

1

28
Q

An increase of how many degrees is associated with a reduction of muscle spasm, increase in blood flow, reduction of chronic inflammation

A

2-3

29
Q

An increase of how many degrees alters viscoelastic properties of collagen

A

4

30
Q

How long does it take to increase tissue to 4 degrees C at 3MHz

A

4-5 min

31
Q

How long it take to increase tissue to 4 degrees C at 1MHZ

A

10 min

32
Q

What should be done to tissues immediately after ultrasound treatment

A

Manipulation or stretching

33
Q

What has pulsed ultrasound been shown to do to tissues

A

Increase cellular activity and tissue healing

34
Q

What does pulsed ultrasound do at a cellular level

A

Stimulate fibroblast activity
Increase blood flow
Increase protein association

35
Q

Unstable cavitation (cause tissue damage) is associated with what type of ultrasound

A

Low frequency, high intensity (not therapeutic)

36
Q

What are risks associated with ultrasound

A

Bony prominence

Epiphyseal plate

37
Q

How large should the treatment area be for ultrasound

A

2-3 times the size of the ERA

38
Q

Never use ultrasound longer than how many minutes

A

15 min

39
Q

What is the term used to describe the use of sound energy to drive medication into the tissue

A

Phonophoresis

40
Q

What special instrument is used to stimulate fracture healing

A

Low intensity pulsed Ultrasound

41
Q

What is noncontact Low-frequency ultrasound used for

A

(the ultrasound sprays)

Used for wound cleaning and debridment

Passive Care Exam 2 (3 decks)

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